The effects of four cosmetic surfactants on interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-8 release from human keratinocytes were studied to investigate the feasibility of using these effects for the prediction of the irritation potential of chemicals. After exposure of cells to surfactants, the amounts of IL-1α and IL-8 released into culture medium were measured by ELISA. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by using the neutral red uptake (NRU) cytotoxicity assay. Cytokine release was increased 7–15 times by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), laurtrimonium chloride, cocamidopropyl betaine (CPB) and Oleth-5 at cytotoxic concentrations. IL-8 release was increased 3–4 times by SLS, CPB and Oleth-5 at subcytotoxic concentrations. After exposure to SLS, IL-1α was released within 1 hour, suggesting that IL-1α release is associated with membrane damage, whereas IL-8 release continued for 24 hours, suggesting that IL-8 was produced within the cells. Cytotoxicity tests and IL-8 release assays were also performed on seven other surfactants. The results show that moderate irritants CPB and PEG-4 dioleate, which have weak cytotoxic effects, significantly increased IL-8 release from human keratinocytes. It is suggested that measurement of IL-8 release is useful for predicting the irritation potential of chemicals which cannot be detected by using the NRU cytotoxicity assay.
MarinovichM., TragniE., CorsiniA., and GalliC.L. (1990). Quantification of in vitro cytotoxicity of surfactants: correlation with their eye irritation potential.Journal of Toxicology — Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology9, 169–178.
2.
WallaceK.A., HarbellJ.W., AccomandoN., TrianaA., ValoneS., and CurrenR.D. (1992). Evaluation of the human epidermal keratinocyte neutral red release and neutral red uptake assays using the first 10 MEIC test materials.Toxicology in Vitro6, 367–371.
3.
DicksonF.M., LawrenceJ.N., and BenfordD.J. (1993). Surfactant-induced cytotoxicity in cultures of human keratinocytes and a commercially available cell line (3T3).Toxicology in Vitro7, 381–384.
4.
GuenicheA., and PonecM. (1993). Use of human skin cell cultures for the estimation of potential skin irritants.Toxicology in Vitro7, 15–24.
5.
DicksonF.M., LawrenceJ.N., and BenfordD.J. (1994). Cytotoxicity of 12 chemicals of known human and animal skin irritation potential in human keratinocyte cultures.Toxicology in Vitro8, 661–663.
6.
WardR.K., AgrawallaS.A., and ClothierR.H. (1994). Investigation of an in vitro cytotoxicity assay for prediction of skin irritation.Toxicology in Vitro8, 659–660.
7.
GayR., SwederekM., NelsonD., and ErnestiA. (1992). The living skin equivalent as a model in vitro for ranking the toxic potential of dermal irritants.Toxicology in Vitro6, 303–315.
8.
OsborneR., and PerkinsM.A. (1994). An approach for development of alternative test methods based on mechanisms of skin irritation.Food and Chemical Toxicology32, 133–142.
9.
CohenC., DossouG., RougierA., and RoguetR. (1991). Measurement of inflammatory mediators produced by human keratinocytes in vitro: a predictive assessment of cutaneous irritation.Toxicology in Vitro5, 407–410.
10.
DykesP.J., EdwardsM.J., O'DonovanM.R., MerrettV., MorganH.E., and MarksR. (1991). In vitro reconstruction of human skin: the use of skin equivalents as potential indicators of cutaneous toxicity.Toxicology in Vitro5, 1–8.
11.
DicksonF.M., LawrenceJ.N., and BenfordD.J. (1993). Release of inflammatory mediators in human keratinocyte cultures following exposure to a skin irritant.Toxicology in Vitro7, 385–388.
12.
LewisR.W., McCallJ.C., BothamP.A., and KimberI. (1993). Investigation of TNF-α release as a measure of skin irritancy.Toxicology in Vitro7, 393–395.
13.
CorsiniE., MarinovichM., MarabiniL., ChiesaraE., and GalliC.L. (1994). Interleukin-1 production after treatment with non-ionic surfactants in a murine keratinocyte cell line.Toxicology in Vitro8, 361–369.
14.
Muller-DeckerK., FurstenbergerG., and MarksF. (1994). Keratinocyte-derived proinflammatory key mediators and cell viability as in vitro parameters of irritancy: a possible alternative to the Draize skin irritation test.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology127, 99–108.
15.
ShiyjiG.M., SegalL., McKenzieR.C., and SauderD.N. (1994). Cutaneous toxicity of surfactants in normal human keratinocytes assessed by cytotoxicity, arachidonic acid release, and regulation of interleukin-1α mRNA.Toxicology Methods4, 193–203.
16.
McKenzieR.C., and SauderD.N. (1990). The role of keratinocyte cytokines in inflammation and immunity.Journal of Investigative Dermatology95, S105–S107.
17.
BarkerJ.N.W.N., JonesM.L., MitraR.S., Crockett-TorebeE., FantoneJ.C., KunkelS.L., WarrenJ.S., DixitV.M., and NickoloffB.J. (1991). Modulation of keratinocyte-derived interleukin-8 which is chemotactic for neutrophils and T lymphocytes.American Journal of Pathology139, 869–876.
18.
KupperT.S. (1989). Mechanisms of cutaneous inflammation: interaction between epidermal cytokines, adhesion molecules and leukocytes.Archives of Dermatology125, 1406–1412.
19.
MatsushimaK., and OppenheimJ.J. (1989). Interleukin-8 and MCAF: novel inflammatory cytokines inducible by IL-1 and TNF.Cytokine1, 2–13.
20.
SuzukiK., MiyasakaH., OtaH., YamakawaT., TagawaM., KuramotoA., and MizunoS. (1989). Purification and partial primary sequence of a chemotactic protein for polymorphonuclear leukocytes derived from human lung giant cell carcinoma LU65C cells.Journal of Experimental Medicine169, 1895–1901.
21.
HansenK.C. (1983). Occupational dermatoses in hospital cleaning women.Contact Dermatitis9, 343–351.
22.
BorenfreundE., and PuernerJ.A. (1985). Toxicity determined in vitro by morphological alterations and neutral red absorption.Toxicology Letters24, 119–124.
23.
ItagakiH., SugiyamaM., ShibataM., InoueK., KatoS., and KobayashiT. (1995). In vitro alternatives to skin irritation test and phototoxicity test. In Proceedings of the Second Scientific Conference of the Asian Societies of Cosmetic Scientists, Seoul, 139 pp. Seoul, Korea: Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea.
24.
DraizeJ.H., WoodardG., and CalveryH.O. (1944). Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes.Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics82, 377–390.
25.
LarsenC.G., AndersonA.O., OppenheimJ.J., and MatsushimaK. (1989). Production of interleukin-8 by human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes in response to interleukin-1 or tumour necrosis factor.Journal of Immunology68, 31–36.
26.
KakokiH., and YamaguchiM. (1988). An alternative method to the Draize eye irritation test: use of liposome prepared from corneal lipids (2).Journal of the Japanese Cosmetic Science Society12, 151–157.
