Using findings from two studies conducted in British Columbia, Canada, that examined income and employment supports for people with psychiatric disabilities we argue that economic security is essential for mental health recovery, and that supported employment and social enterprise models are well suited to support these goals. We contend that the aims and values underlying neo-liberalism, with its attendant welfare state restructuring, undermine the progressive vision of recovery and the practice of citizenship for people with psychiatric disabilities.
Anthony, W. ( 1993) ‘Recovery from Mental Illness: The Guiding Vision of the Mental Health Service System in the 1990s’, Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal16(4): 1-15.
2.
Bashevkin, S. ( 2002) Welfare Hot Buttons: Women, Work and Social Policy Reform . Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
3.
Boardman, J. ( 2003) ‘Work, Employment and Psychiatric Disability’ , Advances in Psychiatric Treatment9: 327-34.
4.
Bond, G.R., Becker, D.R., Drake, R.E., Rapp, C.A., Meisler, N., Lehamn, A.F., Bell, M.D. and Blyler, C.R. ( 2001) ‘Implementing Supported Employment as an Evidence Based Practice’, Psychiatric Services52(3): 313-22.
5.
British Columbia Ministry of Health and Ministry Responsible for Seniors (1998) Revitalizing and Re-balancing British Columbia’s Mental Health System: The 1998 Mental Health Plan . Victoria, BC: Ministry of Health and Ministry Responsible for Seniors.
6.
Cohen, M., Goldberg, M., Istvanffy, N., Stainton, T., Wasik, A. and Woods, K. ( 2008) Removing Barriers to Work: Flexible Employment Options for People with Disabilities in BC. Vancouver: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
7.
Cook, J.A., Leff, S., Blyler, C. et al. (2005a) ‘Results of a Multisite Randomized Trial of Supported Employment Interventions for Individuals with Severe Mental Illness’ , Archives of General Psychiatry62(5): 505-12.
8.
Cook, J.A., Lehman, A.F., Drake, R. et al. (2005b) ‘Integration of Psychiatric and Vocational Services: A Multisite Randomized, Controlled Trial of Supported Employment’ , American Journal of Psychiatry162: 1948-56.
9.
Crowther, R., Marshall, M., Bond, G.R. and Huxley, P. ( 2001) ‘Helping People with Severe Mental Illness to Obtain Work: Systematic Review’, British Medical Journal322: 204-8.
10.
Culhane, D., Metraux, S. and Hadley, T. ( 2001) ‘The Impact of Supportive Housing for Homeless People with Severe Mental Illness on the Utilization of the Public Health, Corrections and Emergency Shelter Systems: The New York-New York Initiative’ . Philadelphia: Center for Mental Health Policy and Services Research, University of Pennsylvania.
11.
Degan, P. ( 1988) ‘Recovery: The Lived Acceptance of Rehabilitation’ , Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal11(1): 11-19.
12.
Goldner, E.M., Snider, B. and Mozel, M. ( 2000) ‘Estimating the Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Adults’. University of British Columbia, Department of Psychiatry.
13.
Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Korten, A., Cooper, J.E., Day, R. and Bertelsen, A. ( 1992) ‘Schizophrenia: Manifestation, Incidence and Course in Different Cultures. A World Health Organization Ten-country Study’ , Psychological Medicine Monograph Supp. 20: 1-97.
14.
Kingfisher, C. (ed.) (2002) Western Welfare in Decline: Globalization and Women’s Poverty. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
15.
Kirby, M. ( 2006) Out of the Shadows at Last: Transforming Mental Health, Mental Illness and Addiction Services in Canada. Final Report of the Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology .
16.
Klein, S., Pulkingham, J., Parusel, S., Plancke, K., Smith, J., Sookraj, D., Vu, T., Wallace, B. and Worton, J. ( 2008) Living on Welfare in BC: Experiences of Longer Term ‘Expected to Work’ Recipients. Vancouver : Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, BC Division .
17.
Kober, R. and Eggleton, I.R.C. ( 2005) ‘The Effects of Different Types of Employment on Quality of Life’, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research49(10): 756-60.
18.
Liberman, D. and Kopelowitz, A. ( 2005) ‘Recovery from Schizophrenia: A Concept in Search of Research’, Psychiatric Services56(1): 735-42.
19.
McHugo, G., Drake, R.E. and Becker, D.R. ( 1998) ‘The Durability of Supported Employment Effects’ , Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal22(1): 55-61.
20.
Markowitz, F. ( 2001) ‘Modeling Processes in Recovery from Mental Illness: Relationships between Symptoms, Life Satisfaction, and Self Concept’, Journal of Health and Social Behavior42(1): 64-79.
21.
Morrow, M. ( 2004) ‘Mental Health Reform, Economic Globalization and the Practice of Citizenship’, Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health23(2): 39-50.
22.
Morrow, M. ( 2007) ‘Women’s Voices Matter: Creating Women-Centred Mental Health Care Policy’, pp. 355-79 in M. Morrow, O. Hankivsky and C. Varcoe (eds)Women’s Health in Canada: Critical Perspectives on Theory and Policy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
23.
Morrow, M. and Chappell, M. ( 1999) Hearing Women’s Voices: Mental Health Care for Women . Vancouver: BC Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health.
24.
Morrow, M., Hankivsky, O. and Varcoe, C. ( 2004) ‘Women and Violence: The Effects of Dismantling the Welfare State’, Critical Social Policy24(3): 358-84.
25.
Morrow, M., Frischmuth, S. and Johnson, A. ( 2006) Community Based Mental Health Services in BC: Changes to Income, Employment and Housing Security. Vancouver: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
26.
Neufeldt, A., Sandys, J., Fuchs, D., Paris, P. and Logan, M. ( 2000) ‘Economic Integration and Disability: A Baseline Benefits and Cost Study of Supported Employment and Self-Directed Employment Initiatives’. Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies, University of Calgary.
27.
Oliver, M. ( 1990a) ‘The Individual and Social Models of Disability’ , Paper presented at Joint Workshop of the Living Options Group and the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians on ‘People with Established Locomotor Disabilities in Hospitals’, 23 July. [http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/Oliver/in%20soc%20dis.pdf ], accessed 14 October 2008.
28.
Oliver, M. ( 1990b) The Politics of Disablement. London : Macmillan.
29.
Oliver, M. ( 1996) ‘Defining Impairment and Disability: Issues at Stake’ , pp. 29-54 in C. Barnes and G. Mercer (eds) Exploring the Divide: Illness and Disability. Leeds: The Disability Press.
30.
Oliver, M. ( 2004) ‘The Social Model in Action: If I Had a Hammer’ , pp. 18-31 in C. Barnes and G. Mercer (eds) Implementing the Social Model of Disability: Theory and Research . Leeds: The Disability Press .
31.
Onken, S.J., Craig, C.M., Ridgway, P., Ralph, R.O. and Cook, J.A. ( 2007) ‘An Analysis of the Definitions and Elements of Recovery: A Review of the Literature’, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal31(1): 9-22.
32.
Patterson, M., Somers, J.M., McIntosh, K., Shiell, A. and Frankish, C.J. ( 2008) Housing and Support for Adults with Severe Addictions and/or Mental Illness in British Columbia. Vancouver: Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University.
33.
Peck, J. and Tickell, A. ( 2002) ‘Neoliberalizing Space’, Antipode34(3): 380-404.
34.
Province of British Columbia (2006) ‘Labour Market Agreement for Persons with Disabilities: 2006 Annual Report’. [www.eia.gov.bc.ca/publicat/pdf/Annual_Report_06.pdf]
35.
Ramon, S., Healy, B. and Renouf, N. ( 2007) ‘Recovery from Mental Illness as an Emergent Concept and Practice in Australia and the UK’, International Journal of Social Psychiatry53(2): 108-22.
36.
Razzano, L.A. and Cook, J.A. ( 2005) ‘Evidence-based Practices in Supported Employment’ , pp. 10-30 in C. E. Stout and R. A. Hayes (eds) The Evidence-based Practice: Methods, Models and Tools for Mental Health Professionals. Hoboken, NJ : Wiley & Sons.
37.
Rose, N. ( 2006) The Politics of Life Itself: Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twenty-first Century. Princeton : Princeton University Press.
38.
Ross, C.E. and Mirovsky, J. ( 1995) ‘Does Unemployment Affect Health?’ , Journal of Health and Social Behaviour36: 230-43.
39.
Ross, D.P., Scott, K.J. and Smith, P.J. ( 2000) The Canadian Fact Book on Poverty. Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development.
40.
Rossiter, K., Morrow, M. (under review) Intersectional Frameworks in Mental Health: Moving from Theory to Practice.
41.
Savio, M. and Righetti, A. ( 1993) ‘Cooperatives as a Social Enterprise in Italy: A Place for Social Integration and Rehabilitation’, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica88(4): 238-42.
42.
Teghtsoonian, K. ( 2008) ‘Managing Workplace Depression: Contesting the Contours of Emerging Policy in the Workplace’, pp. 69-89 in P. Moss and K. Teghtsoonian (eds) Contesting Illnesses: Processes and Practices. Toronto : University of Toronto Press.
43.
The Province (July 16, 2009) BC health authorities told to cut $360 million, Ian Austin. http://www.theprovince.com/health/health+authorities+old+million/1794632/story.html . Accessed July 29, 2009.
44.
Trainor, J., Pomeroy, E. and Pape, B. ( 2004) A Framework for Support, 3rd edn. Toronto: Canadian Mental Health Association.
45.
United Nations (2008) ‘International Day of Persons with Disabilities - 3 December. 2008 Theme: "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Dignity and Justice for All of Us" ’ [http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=109 ], accessed November 2008.
46.
Wilton, R. ( 2004) ‘More Responsibility, Less Control: Psychiatric Survivors and Welfare State Restructuring’, Disability and Society19(4): 371-85.
47.
Wong, K.K., Chiu, R., Tang, B., Mak, D., Liu, J. and Chiu, S.N. ( 2008) ‘A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Supported Employment Program for Persons with Long-term Mental Illness in Hong Kong’ , Psychiatric Services59(1): 84-90.
