Development of the child during the fetal and infantile stages is affected by mutual responses following birth. The nurture of the intelligence and the facilitation of the stages of growth are involved. Just as imprinting takes place with chicks so the human infant instinctively bonds to its mother by eye to eye and skin to skin contact in the 45 minutes following birth - if and when it is allowed to do so. The consequences of frustrating these instinctive processes are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AinsworthD.Derivation of Maternal Care: A Reassessment of Its Effects. Public Health Papers no. 14, pp. 97–165. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2.
AinsworthM. D. (1967). Infancy in Uganda.John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
3.
AinsworthM. D. (1964). Patterns of Attachment Behavior Shown by the Infant in Interaction with His Mother.Merril-Palmer Quarterly, 10, 51–58.
4.
ArmsS. (1975). Immaculate Deception: A New Look at Women and Childbirth in America.Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
5.
BelskyJ.Child Maltreatment: An ecological Integration.American Psychologist, 35, 4, 320–335.
6.
BernardJ., & SontagL. (1974). Fetal Reactions to Sound.Journal of Genetic Psychology, 70, 209–210.
7.
BowerT. G. R. (1966). The Visual World of the Infant.Scientific American.
8.
BowlbyJ. (1969). The Child's Tie to His Mother: Attachment Behavior.Attachment.Basic Books, New York.
9.
BrackbillY. (1900). Effects of Obstetric Drugs on Human Development. Presented at the conferenceObstetrical Management and Infant Outcome, American Foundation for Maternal and Child Health, Nov. 1979.
10.
BrunerJ. (1969). Processes of Growth in Infancy.Stimulation in Early Infancy, (AmbroseA., ed), Academic Press, London.
11.
ClarkD.Vestibular Stimulation Influence on Motor Development in Infants, Science, V. 196, 1228-1229.
12.
CondonW., & SanderL. (1974). Neonate Movement is Synchronized with Adult Speech: Interactional Participation and Language Acquisition.Science, 00, pp. 99–101.
13.
de MauseL. (ed). (1975). The New Psychohistory.The Psychohistory Press, Div. of Atcom, Inc.New York.
14.
de MauseL. (ed). (1981). Transcript of interview for: The Foundations of Life film series, New York, Marsh 1981.
15.
EpsteinH. T. (1974). Phrenoblysis: Special Brain and Mind Growth Period.Developmental Psychobiology.John Wiley & Sons, New York.
16.
FantzR. L. (1961). The Origin of Form Perception.Scientific American, 66–72.
17.
FantzR. L. (1958). Pattern Vision in Young Infants.Psychological Review, 8, 43–47.
18.
GeberM. (1958). The Psycho-Motor Development of African Children in the First Year and the Influence of Maternal Behavior.Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 185–95.
19.
GrayW. (1979). Understanding Creative Thought Processes: An Early Formulation of the Emotional-Cognitive Structure Theory.Man-Environment Systems, 9, 1.
20.
HalesD. J. (1977). Defining the Limits of the Maternal Sensitive Period of DevelopmentalMedicine and Child Neurology.19, 4, pp. 454–461.
21.
HarlowH., & HarlowM. (1962). Social Deprivation in Monkeys.Scientific American, pp. 136–146.
22.
HessR. D., & ShipmanV. (1965). Early Experience and the Socialization of the Cognitive Modes in Children.Child Development, no. 36, 869–886.
23.
JonesB. N. (1972). Ethological Studies of Child Behavior.Cambridge University Press, New York.
24.
KaufmanC., & RosenbloomL. (1967). Depression in Infant Monkeys.Science, 24, pp. 1030–1031.
25.
KennellJohn H. (1980) Are We in the Midst of a Revolution? (The George Armstrong Award Lecture)American Journal of Diseases of Children, 134, 303–310.
26.
KennellJ. H. (1979). Early Mother-Infant Contact: Effects on Breastfeeding.Breastfeeding and Food Policy in a Hungry World, 199–209, Academic Press Inc., New York.
27.
KennellJ. H. (1979). Early Mother-Infant Contact: Effects on the Mother and the Infant.Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 43(1), 69–78.
28.
KennellJ. H. (1975). Evidence for a sensitive period in the human mother.Parent-Infant Interaction, Ciba Foundation Symposium, 33, ASP, Amsterdam.
29.
KlausM. H., & KennellJ. H.An Early Maternal Sensitive Period? A Theoretical Analysis, reprint from Stern'sIntensive Care in the Newborn, II.
30.
KlausM. (1970). Human Maternal Behavior at the First Contact with Her Young.Pediatrics, 46, 2, 187–192.
31.
KlausM. (1972). Maternal Attachment: Importance of the First Post-Partum Days.New England Journal of Medicine, 286, 9, 460–463.
La VioletteP. A. (1980). The Thermodynamics of the ‘Aha’ Experience. Paper presented at the 24th Annual North American Meeting of the Society for General Systems Research, Symposium on Psychotherapy, Mind and Brain. San Francisco, Ca. Jan. 10, 1980.
34.
LaVioletteP. A. (1979). Thoughts about Thoughts about Thoughts: The Emotional-Perceptive Cycle Theory.Man-Environment Systems, 9, 1, 15–47.
35.
LeBoyerF. (1974). Birth Without Violence.Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
36.
LevineS. (1960). Stimulation in Infancy.Scientific American, 80–86.
37.
LozoffB. M. D. (1977). The mother-newborn relationship: Limits of Adaptability.Pediatrics, 91, 1, pp. 1–12.
38.
MassieH. (1982) The Early Natural History of Childhood Psychosis.Journal of American Academy of Child Psychology.
39.
MassieH. (1975). Patterns of Mother-Infant Behavior and Subsequent Childhood Psychosis. A research and case report for Mt. Zion Hospital and Medical Center, San Francisco, 1975.
40.
MitchellG. (1975). What Monkeys Can tell us about Human Violence.The Futurist.
41.
MontaguA. (1964). Life Before Birth.New American Library, New York.
42.
MontaguA. (1962). Prenatal Influences.Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, III.
43.
MontaguA. (1971). Touching: The Human Significance of the Skin.Columbia University Press, New York.
44.
PolanskyN. (1975). Profile of Neglect: A Survey of the State of Knowledge of Child Neglect.Dep't. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Community Services Administration.
45.
PrescottJ. W. (1975). Body Pleasure and the Origins of Violence.The Futurist.
46.
RimlandB. (1964). Infantile Autism.Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
47.
RingerN. (1978). The effects of Extra Postpartum Contact and Maternal Speech Patterns on Children's IQs, Speech, and Language Comprehension at Five.Child Development, 49, pp. 862–865.
48.
RobbinsJ. (1976). Some Neuro-Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of Human Experience. Unpublished paper, San Francisco.
49.
SpitzR. (1965). The First Year of Life: A Psychoanalytic Study of Normal and Deviant Development of Object Relations.International Universities Press, New York.
50.
WalshR. (1980). The Consciousness Disciplines and the Behavioral Sciences: Questions of Comparison and Assessment.American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 6, 663–673.
51.
WindleW. F. (1969). Brain Damage by Asphyxia.Scientific American.76–84.
52.
ZaslowR. W. (1970). Resistance to Human Attachment and Growth: Autism to Retardation, Nova Press, Los Gatos, Ca.
53.
ZaslowR. W., & BregerL. (1969). A Theory and Treatment of Autism.Clinical-Cognitive Psychology: Models and Integration. (BregerL. ed). Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
54.
ScottW. G., & PearseI. H. (1980). Science, Syntheses, and Sanity.Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh.
