Abstract
Background
Early-life nutrition is critical for infant growth, development, and long-term health. National feeding guidelines such as the Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants (NHTI) recommendations aim to support optimal infant feeding.
Aim
To explore mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAPs) and suggestions regarding the NHTI feeding recommendations for introducing solid foods.
Methods
Using qualitative description, we purposefully recruited mothers ≥18 years with healthy infants ≤24 months old in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Five one-on-one semi-structured interviews and four focus groups (3–7 participants each) were conducted until data saturation. Sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, managed in NVivo 12, triangulated, and thematically analyzed.
Summary
Among 21 mothers, awareness of general NHTI recommendations was common, yet practical implementation was hindered by conflicting advice, uncertainty about introducing iron-rich foods and cow's milk, and limited attention to fat and caloric content. Mothers generally avoided sugar and sodium. Social determinants of health, including economic constraints, access to healthcare and reliable nutrition information, and cultural beliefs, shaped feeding practices. Participants emphasized the need for clear, accessible, and inclusive guidance, coupled with enhanced support from healthcare professionals and technology-based tools to aid nutritional decision-making. This study identifies a disconnect between knowledge of infant feeding guidelines and practical application. Findings highlight the importance of strengthening the accessibility, clarity, and practical applicability of infant feeding resources and supports. Improving dissemination and implementation strategies for the NHTI recommendations may better support families in applying evidence-based feeding guidance during early childhood.
Introduction
Infancy is vital for establishing healthy growth and development through nutrition practices (Black et al., 2017). Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months, providing energy and nutrients for the infant, as well as immunological, hormonal, and bacterial bioactive molecules that protect against chronic illnesses (Health Canada et al., 2014). After 6 months, the nutritional requirements of infants can no longer be sustained through exclusive breastfeeding; the Canadian infant feeding statement recommends introducing nutrient-dense and iron-rich complementary solid foods after 6 months of age (Health Canada et al., 2014).
The 2014 Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants (NHTI) joint statement offers evidence-informed principles and recommendations regarding nutrition for infants and young children aged 6 to 24 months in Canada (Health Canada et al., 2014). Previous studies exploring adherence to infant feeding recommendations have mainly focused on those for infants aged 0–6 months, prior to solid food introduction (Chan and Whitfield, 2020). Few studies have explored knowledge, attitudes, or practices of complementary feeding among infants 6–24 months of age, with the majority being conducted outside of Canada (Berisha et al., 2017; Mphasha et al., 2023). In Canada, one cross-sectional survey study explored knowledge of the NHTI recommendations among 229 members of the general public, but not mothers (Chan and Whitfield, 2020). Furthermore, a longitudinal study conducted in Ontario, Canada, investigated practices surrounding the NHTI and found that only 2% of participants followed all the recommendations (Fegan et al., 2016). However, this study examined practices with respect to a previous version of the NHTI (published in 2008). Contemporary times may influence the extent to which mothers follow the updated recommendations (published in 2014), namely shifts in societal attitudes, cultural norms, social media and marketing, as well as economic factors that may impact access and affordability to certain solid foods.
The aim of our study was to explore mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) as well as suggestions regarding Canada's NHTI feeding recommendations for 6–24 months olds, with a specific focus on the introduction of solid foods. This study may further our understanding of perceived views regarding the recommendations. In turn, it may help inform the revision of the NHTI statement in a way that is relevant to the end-users (parents and infants).
Methods
Study design
We explored mothers’ KAPs regarding the NHTI recommendations of infant and young child feeding using qualitative description. The KAP framework was employed as a hybrid inductive-deductive approach that guided the development of structured data collection. The KAP model was developed in the 1960s to further understanding of human health behaviour (Fan et al., 2018). This approach enables a comprehensive exploration of mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and reported practices for infant feeding. Simultaneously, we used an inductive approach to gather qualitative data, allowing patterns to emerge directly from the participants’ responses (i.e., suggestions for infant feeding) (Saldaña, 2013). By integrating both deductive and inductive methods, the KAP framework facilitated a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the factors influencing infant feeding practices. Ethics approval was obtained from the University of New Brunswick Research Ethics Board (2023-178). All approved procedures were in line with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Participants
Purposeful sampling was used to recruit mothers of infants aged <6 months and 6–24 months from pregnancy and postpartum-based social media pages and the community. We included mothers ≥18 years of age who gave birth to an infant ≥37 weeks’ gestation, were proficient in basic English, and lived in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. Mothers were excluded if their infant had congenital or genetic illnesses or malformations that could affect regular feeding behaviours (e.g., allergies, food intolerances, celiac disease).
Data collection
Interested participants were invited to attend in-person ∼1-h focus groups or one-on-one interviews at the University of New Brunswick. A combination of focus groups and individual interviews enhances data richness, facilitates participation among a busy cohort of mothers, and captures diverse representations of the phenomenon, as previously reported (Lambert and Loiselle, 2008). Participants signed a written, informed consent form prior to data collection. After signing the written consent form, participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire. Audio-recorded data were then collected for four focus groups, each with 3–7 participants, as well as five one-on-one interviews achieved data saturation. Data saturation was defined as the point at which no new themes, patterns, or insights emerged from subsequent data collection. No substantially new themes were identified after the third focus group and one-on-one interview, with subsequent interviews serving primarily to confirm and enrich existing findings. The semi-structured interview guide was developed and refined in collaboration with members of the research team as well as qualitative researchers from the University of New Brunswick and the University of Alberta. The piloted interview guide included open-ended questions, encouraging mothers to share their knowledge, attitudes, and perceived or actual practices on their infants’ nutrition according to the NHTIs (Table 1). All sessions included one moderator and one data recorder, both of whom were female undergraduate students interested in maternal and child health, with formal training in qualitative description research and reflexivity
Summary of the five main recommendations of the Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants statement presented to mothers (n = 21).
Data analysis
Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and anonymized. Transcripts were checked for accuracy against oral recordings. Two researchers independently read and re-read transcripts line-by-line, and coded transcripts using NVivo 12. Initially, both researchers independently familiarized themselves with the content by reading the transcripts multiple times, making notes and recording initial impressions to identify potential themes and patterns (Braun and Clarke, 2006). Following this, they systematically coded the transcripts, assigning codes to each relevant line or segment of text in NVivo 12. These initial codes were broad and descriptive to capture the essence of the data segments comprehensively. Once the initial coding was completed, the researchers reviewed and began to collate the codes into potential themes. Codes sharing similar patterns or concepts were grouped together. This process ensured that the themes accurately reflected the data's core messages. The thematic analysis was conducted independently by both researchers to ensure reliability and depth in the analysis, with continuous comparisons and discussions to resolve any discrepancies and refine the themes. Pseudonyms were assigned to exemplar quotes (Table 2). A detailed coding tree is provided in Supplementary Figure 1.
Themes, sub-themes, and exemplary quotes of mothers (n = 21) regarding infant feeding and recommendations.
Results
A total of 21 mothers, seven of which were first time mothers, participated in the study (age: 33.5 ± 5.1 years); 95% Caucasian (n = 20), 67% married (n = 14), 71% ≥$75,000 CAD annual household income (n = 15), 62% completed post-graduate education (n = 13), and 57% exclusively breastfed before introducing solid foods (n = 12). Mothers had infants who were 12.7 ± 5.2 months old; infant were <6 months of age (n = 1) or 6-24 months of age (n = 20). Most infants were female (76%, n = 16), delivered vaginally (57%, n = 12), and had started solid foods at 5.8 ± 0.4 months old (95%, n = 20).
Themes spanned (knowledge, attitudes, and practices) and extended (suggestions) the KAP model. Mothers’ knowledge and attitudes towards infant feeding recommendations vary, with many aware of general recommendations but facing challenges with conflicting advice and practical implementation. They emphasized the need for clear, accessible, and inclusive guidelines, highlighting the importance of support from healthcare professionals and app resources.
Knowledge
Knowledge of the statement and recommendations
Few mothers reported being familiar with the NHTI statement specifically, but indicated awareness of its content (i.e., the recommendations) through other sources. One mother mentioned being familiar with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, but not necessarily with those of the Canadian statement. Mothers generally acknowledged recommendations such as exclusively breastfeeding, avoiding honey, offering vitamin D supplementation, delaying the introduction of solid foods until 6 months, introducing solid foods varying in texture and flavour, prioritizing iron-rich foods when doing so, and preparing and offering foods in a way that minimized risk of choking.
While many mothers reported being knowledgeable about when to introduce solid foods, most had little practical knowledge regarding how to safely introduce solids, including food preparation techniques, texture progression, allergen introduction, and implementation of feeding approaches such as baby-led weaning. Knowledge regarding the nutritional value of foods was also a challenge for a few mothers when introducing first solid foods. These mothers reported lack of awareness regarding the nutritional value of certain foods, particularly regarding foods high in iron per the recommendations.
Source of knowledge
Mothers reported receiving information about infant feeding from various healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, public health dieticians, midwives, lactation consultants, and chiropractors. Nearly all mothers recalled being informed about key recommendations (e.g., vitamin D, timing of solid food introduction) during recovery post-delivery or at postnatal appointments with their primary care provider. They also gathered information through personal research (e.g., books, online). One exception was a nurse participant with an educational background in maternal and child health and development. This participant exhibited a comprehensive understanding and detailed knowledge of the recommendations.
Conflicting and outdated information on infant feeding
Although mothers were generally aware of the recommendations through dissemination by healthcare professionals, peers, personal network, and online resources, they noted receiving conflicting advice regarding infant feeding, especially concerning breastfeeding, formula feeding, and solid food introduction.
Some mothers reported receiving outdated information not only from certain healthcare professionals, but also from their parents and spouses. They mentioned that parents and spouses sometimes had preferences regarding infant feeding that deferred from evidence-based guidelines, such as introducing solid foods at 4 months as opposed to 6 months.
Attitudes
Attitudes towards the statement and recommendations
After reviewing the NHTI statement recommendations, many mothers expressed a desire for more information on the rationale behind certain practices and practical guidance on how to adhere to them. For example, some mothers questioned the recommendation to introduce cow's milk; as many did not typically consume cow's milk themselves, they were confused about why it needed to be introduced to their infants.
A few mothers expressed that their discomfort and distrust towards Canada's Food Guide would affect their adherence to any Health Canada nutrition recommendations. They noted that previous versions of the guide, from when they were younger, were unrealistic and did not align with their views on proper nutrition. Consequently, they were disinclined to follow Canadian food recommendations, even those targeted at infants.
Attitudes towards postnatal supports
Some mothers had access to a midwife, doula, or lactation consultant during or following birth, receiving more thorough and individualized care. The recommendations from these providers were often reported to be more nuanced and attentive to the specific needs of the mother and infant.
In contrast, other mothers received general recommendations on infant feeding at the hospital by nurses or doctors, and varying levels of support after birth, prompting them to seek additional support independently if difficulties arose. These mothers reported feeling unsupported due to the lack of individualized care and expressed dissatisfaction with the inconsistent support they received. They suggested more standardized support needs to be established to ensure all mothers receive the necessary guidance and assistance.
Attitudes towards breastfeeding versus formula feeding
Some mothers remarked that there was a stigma surrounding formula feeding, influenced by community cultural norms and some healthcare professionals. This stigma resulted in limited information on optimal formula feeding practices and an overemphasis on breastfeeding, often causing feelings of guilt or shame if formula feeding was necessary.
Attitudes towards food and nutrition
Some mothers credited their upbringing and familial culture for providing a foundation of nutritional values and balanced eating practices. Another mother reported similar attitudes shaped by her upbringing regarding her eating practices.
In contrast, one mother shared that her husband's upbringing negatively affected his perceptions (and therefore practices) regarding food and nutrition. This, in turn, limited his ability to provide homemade, nutritious food for their children.
Practices
Practices considering energy and nutritional content of infant foods
Most mothers were generally aware and mindful of the ingredients in the foods their infants consumed, including homemade meals (excluding one mother who was still exclusively breastfeeding). For example, one mother baked lentil muffins for her child, aware that lentils provide a beneficial source of iron. Another mother closely scrutinized ingredients in commercial foods, preferring snacks with minimal ingredients yet rich in nutrients. Many mothers were determined to avoid sugar in their infants’ diets due to health concerns. Participants also reported paying some attention to the sodium content of foods, but most assumed that commercial foods marketed for infants and toddlers were adequately low in sugar and sodium.
In contrast to sugar and sodium, most mothers gave little consideration to the fat or caloric content of foods for their infants. Only a few mothers mentioned being aware of the nutritional benefits of certain fats, and prioritized incorporating these fats into their infant's diet.
One mother shared that she avoided gluten-containing foods, despite her child not showing any sensitivity to the protein. This decision, contrary to recommendations, stemmed from her belief of a connection between gluten consumption and weight gain, influencing her infant's diet accordingly.
Practices considering infants’ behaviours
Despite not paying close attention to the caloric content of foods, mothers expressed concerns about how much food their infant was offered and actually consumed, leading to stress about their infants’ nutritional status.
Practices considering parity
In families where infants have older siblings, the older child's diet was noted to influence the younger child's eating habits. For instance, the younger child may prematurely consume certain foods by taking them from the older sibling. Mothers also mentioned that younger children may consume more processed foods due to convenience, which became a higher priority with each subsequent child because of the increased demand on time.
Practices considering return to work
Some mothers relied more on commercial foods or prepared large batches of meals for convenience when they or their partner needed to return work. One mother expressed her husband's work schedule as a factor that increased reliance on commercial foods. Conversely, another mother managed her return to work while introducing solids to her child through meal prepping, despite time constraints. A third mother, from a culture that highly values homemade, nutritious meals, reported that 95% of her family's food was homemade. She emphasized the importance of family meals and cooking as integral aspects of her cultural background.
Practices considering economic constraints
The cost of food was a contributing factor in determining the types of foods introduced to infants. Several mothers mentioned that their food choices were largely dictated by what items were reduced in price or available with coupons. One mother also mentioned her dilemma in introducing a variety of foods, especially more expensive options like asparagus. Another mother even adjusted her own diet to align with the introduction of certain foods into her infants’ diet.
Responsive feeding practices
Variation was noted in responsive feeding practices among mothers. Some prioritized responsive feeding and practiced baby-led weaning, closely observing hunger and satiety cues. Some taught sign language for communication during feeding. One mother paid close attention to feeding cues and emphasized teaching her child to recognize the feeling of fullness, promoting mindful eating.
Mothers generally accepted fluctuations in infant appetite as normal, particularly when their child was ill, although not all did. Some mothers reported engaging in forceful feeding practices under certain circumstances. Reasons cited included concerns over illness impacting nutritional intake, adherence to a strict feeding schedule, maternal instincts regarding sufficient food quality, and pressure from healthcare professionals to address inadequate weight gain.
Suggestions
Suggestions for a public NHTI statement
Mothers provided numerous suggestions for enhancing an accessible app or online resource to disseminate the NHTI statement to the public. They requested detailed yet concise instructions on solid food preparation, including safe introduction of various foods and allergens, including recognizing and responding to signs of chocking or gagging. They also sought information on recognizing infant readiness signs for solid food introduction, culturally specific dietary recommendations, alternatives for various diets, personalized vitamin D supplementation guidance, visual aids, video tutorials, affordable meal ideas, a search function, and interactive features like Q&A sessions with healthcare professionals and peer communication.
Most mothers relied on the ‘Solid Starts’ app as their primary source of guidance and information for introducing solid foods. They appreciated its comprehensive coverage of nutritional values, safe food preparation methods, including allergens, and strategies for adapting feeding practices to support picky eaters and prevent food aversions. When asked about features they would like to see in an online version of the NHTI statement, many mothers expressed a desire for it to replicate the functionalities of the ‘Solid Starts’ app.
Mothers emphasized the importance of inclusive language in the recommendations, particularly regarding breastfeeding and formula feeding. They expressed concern that an exclusive emphasis on breastfeeding in the initial recommendation could deter some mothers from engaging further with the statement, highlighting the need for sensitivity to diverse feeding circumstances.
Lastly, mothers suggested expanding recommendations to include behavioural practices such as mindful eating, family meals, food neutrality, and consideration for maternal health and well-being alongside child nutrition. They emphasized the uniqueness of each family's practices and the importance of recognizing and respecting these differences.
Suggestions for timing and audience for disseminating recommendations
Mothers highlighted the importance of communicating recommendations regarding breastfeeding and formula feeding at multiple points in time: before birth, during hospital stays, and in the postpartum period. They found that receiving this information solely at birth was overwhelming and quickly forgotten. Additionally, mothers preferred recommendations on introducing solid foods to be shared closer to the recommended age (∼4 months). They also noted the possibility of inadvertently following outdated advice from previous childcare experiences. As such, they emphasized the need for recommendations to be universally shared regardless of parity, without assuming prior knowledge of infant feeding practices.
Discussion
Exploring the KAPs and suggestions of mothers regarding infant feeding revealed key themes related to social determinants of health, highlighting both challenges and strategies in early childhood nutrition in Canada. Overall, comparison of maternal practices with the NHTI recommendations revealed both areas of alignment and divergence. Mothers generally demonstrated awareness of recommendations regarding exclusive breastfeeding, vitamin D supplementation, delaying complementary feeding until approximately six months, and limiting sugar and sodium intake. However, mothers also described challenges related to nutritional and practical implementation of recommendations, conflicting information sources, and inconsistent infant feeding support.
Maternal complementary feeding practices in our study were generally aligned with NHTI recommendations regarding the timing of solid food introduction. This contrasts with findings from a cross-sectional study in Ontario, in which only 24.3% of mothers (n = 79) delayed solid food introduction until 6 months (Fegan et al., 2016). The study also highlighted that non-breastfeeding mothers were more likely to introduce solids prematurely compared to breastfeeding mothers (Fegan et al., 2016). Previous research has similarly demonstrated that breastfeeding duration and exclusivity are associated with adherence to complementary feeding recommendations and delayed introduction of solid foods (Clayton et al., 2013). In our study, most participants were breastfeeding, which may have contributed to greater adherence to the recommended timing of complementary feeding initiation, highlighting the interconnected nature of early infant feeding practices and guideline adherence. Of note, mothers also described challenges related to formula feeding knowledge and support, as well as guilt and societal pressures surrounding infant feeding choices, findings similarly reported by Thomson et al. (2015). These experiences may influence adherence to evidence-based recommendations related to breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices.
Although mothers generally applied evidence-based recommendations regarding the timing of solid food introduction, some described practices inconsistent with current recommendations. These included avoidance of gluten without medical indication and limited consideration of fat content despite recommendations emphasizing higher-fat foods during early childhood. In addition, while some mothers practiced responsive feeding approaches such as baby-led weaning and recognition of hunger and satiety cues, others described forceful feeding practices or adherence to rigid feeding schedules, which diverge from responsive feeding recommendations outlined in the NHTI statement. Previous research has shown that parental feeding practices that are non-responsive or restrictive may negatively influence children's eating behaviours and self-regulation of food intake (Birch and Fischer, 2000), highlighting the importance of practical guidance and consistent support in implementing evidence-based infant feeding recommendations.
Mothers also demonstrated gaps in nutrition knowledge regarding complementary feeding. For example, many assumed that commercial foods marketed toward infants and toddlers were nutritionally appropriate, particularly with respect to sugar and sodium content. However, a recent Canadian study found that 40% of commercial food products marketed to children aged 12–18 months required a ‘high in sugar’ front-of-package label, while 5% required a ‘high in sodium’ label (Fernando Ceccon and Kebbe, 2025). Similarly, Chan and Whitfield (2020) found that although the public expressed confidence in their knowledge of infant feeding recommendations, their understanding was often inaccurate. Together, these findings suggest that awareness of evidence-based infant feeding recommendations does not necessarily translate into accurate nutrition knowledge or consistent implementation of recommended feeding practices.
A review by Thompson et al. (2023) highlighted parental confusion and distrust of inconsistent recommendations on solid food introduction, which varied widely among family, friends, and healthcare professionals. Consistent with previous literature, mothers in our study reported receiving inconsistent infant feeding guidance that complicated adherence to evidence-based recommendations. Receiving conflicting information from healthcare professionals, family members, and online sources also appeared to influence mothers’ knowledge and implementation of evidence-based infant feeding recommendations in our study. Mothers reported varying experiences with healthcare professionals providing prenatal and postnatal infant feeding support. Some mothers described receiving personalized and consistent guidance from midwives and lactation consultants, however, access to midwifery services was limited. A 2022 CBC report described shortages and geographic constraints preventing many individuals from accessing midwifery care in New Brunswick (Huizinga, 2022). With only four midwives available statewide and limited coverage beyond a 1-h radius of Fredericton, 10-20 individuals were unable to access midwifery care each month (Huizinga, 2022). Those not receiving midwifery care reported dissatisfaction with limited or inconsistent support in healthcare settings. A recent primary care survey in Fredericton found that only 54.1% of respondents felt their primary care provider allocated sufficient time during consultations, although 79% expressed overall satisfaction with the care received (NBHC, 2024). Together, these findings suggest that inconsistent messaging and variable access to individualized maternal care may hinder the practical implementation of evidence-based infant feeding recommendations. These findings highlight the importance of clear, consistent, and practical dissemination strategies to support parents in applying infant feeding recommendations in everyday practice.
Our study had notable strengths, including high methodological rigor, and some weaknesses. The interview and focus group guide was developed and refined by experts in qualitative research. Field notes and memos were recorded, allowing accurate reflections on the sessions. Data collected through one-on-one interviews and focus groups is advantageous, enhancing data richness and allowed for understanding different representation of the phenomenon (Lambert and Loiselle, 2008). Focus groups encouraged interaction among mothers, eliciting discussions of experiences, while one-on-one interviews allowed for in-depth narratives of the phenomena. There was a lack of diversity in our study, particularly regarding race/ethnicity, income, marital status, and education. In terms of the study population, our sample lacked paternal perspectives. Findings indicated that spouses’ beliefs, cultural upbringings, and feeding preferences influenced maternal feeding practices and household food decisions. As such, the absence of direct paternal data limited our ability to fully understand infant feeding within the broader family decision-making unit. Future research should include fathers and other caregivers to better capture the interpersonal and household dynamics influencing infant feeding practices. However, our sample did include one South Asian participant and one participant with adopted children, providing some additional perspectives from the Fredericton community. Although some participants discussed economic considerations influencing infant feeding practices, our sample was largely educated and financially stable; therefore, these experiences may not reflect the challenges faced by families experiencing significant food insecurity. For participants in this study, economic constraints were often described in terms of budgeting, purchasing discounted foods, or limiting dietary variety, rather than inability to consistently access adequate nutrition. In more food-insecure populations, financial barriers may substantially affect adherence to infant feeding recommendations, including access to iron-rich foods, fresh produce, infant formula, allergen-containing foods, and culturally appropriate foods. Previous Canadian research has demonstrated that household food insecurity is associated with suboptimal infant feeding practices and reduced likelihood of achieving breastfeeding intentions (Orr et al., 2018). Additionally, qualitative work among low-income, food-insecure mothers in Nova Scotia highlighted how structural and socioeconomic challenges shape breastfeeding beliefs and feeding practices (Sim et al., 2020). Future studies should focus on marginalized and at-risk populations to identify challenges and optimize infant feeding. A study by Chan and Whitfield (2020) found that infant feeding knowledge in relation to the NHTI statement recommendations was poorer among men, younger adults, and those with lower incomes, highlighting the importance of exploring KAPs of infant feeding among these populations to inform targeted dissemination of recommendations.
Our study reveals a gap between mothers’ knowledge of infant feeding recommendations and their practical implementation. While many mothers were aware of the statement recommendations, they reported challenges applying this knowledge in everyday feeding practices. These findings highlight the critical need for accessible, clear, and inclusive dissemination strategies, alongside enhanced practical support from healthcare professionals and evidence-based resources such as apps and educational tools. Although the scientific content of the NHTI statement should continue to be guided by high-quality evidence, including randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews, future revisions and dissemination efforts may benefit from considering parental experiences and barriers to implementation identified in this study. Addressing these practical challenges may help support the translation of evidence-based recommendations into everyday infant feeding practices.
Supplemental Material
sj-pdf-1-nah-10.1177_02601060261467797 - Supplemental material for Maternal insights on infant solid food introduction: Implications for nutrition and public health
Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-nah-10.1177_02601060261467797 for Maternal insights on infant solid food introduction: Implications for nutrition and public health by Oula Maguire, Stephan U Dombrowski, Arnaldo Perez, Geoff DC Ball, JOT de Zepetnek and M Kebbe in Nutrition and Health
Supplemental Material
sj-docx-2-nah-10.1177_02601060261467797 - Supplemental material for Maternal insights on infant solid food introduction: Implications for nutrition and public health
Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-nah-10.1177_02601060261467797 for Maternal insights on infant solid food introduction: Implications for nutrition and public health by Oula Maguire, Stephan U Dombrowski, Arnaldo Perez, Geoff DC Ball, JOT de Zepetnek and M Kebbe in Nutrition and Health
Footnotes
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge all participants for their time and effort.
Ethical statement
Ethics approval was obtained from the University of New Brunswick Research Ethics Board (2023-178). All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee (University of New Brunswick 2023-178) and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Consent to participate
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Authors’ contributions
OM and MK conceptualized the study with contributions from SU, AP, GDCB, and JOTZ. OM and MK collected, analyzed, and interpreted the data as well as wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and commented on subsequent drafts of the manuscript.
Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Declaration of conflicting interests
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Supplemental material
Supplemental material for this article is available online.
References
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