Trends of tDCS Research in India: A Bibliometric Analysis

Abstract

Background:

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique of neuromodulation used in the treatment of various psychiatric and neurological conditions. This bibliometric analysis aimed to comprehensively capture the trends in tDCS research with India as the affiliation country.

Methods:

A bibliometric analysis was conducted. Data for studies conducted on tDCS in India were extracted using Scopus from January 1, 2011, to March 27, 2025. Articles were analyzed for publication count, citation trends, institutional affiliations, contributing authors, and the journals in which they were published.

Results:

The findings indicate a growing number of studies being published on tDCS in India. The maximum number of articles was original research studies, followed by review articles. The Asian Journal of Psychiatry and the Indian Journal of Psychiatry were the leading journals that published articles on tDCS. NIMHANS (Bangalore), AIIMS (Delhi), and King George’s Medical University (KGMU) (Lucknow) were the institutes with the highest number of publications on the subject matter.

Conclusions:

There is a rise in tDCS research; however, a discrepancy exists between the number of articles being published in various parts of the country. An inter-institutional collaboration is suggested to promote further research and provide a comprehensive understanding of the clinical applicability and standardized procedures for tDCS administration in various psychiatric and neurological conditions.

Keywords

Bibliometrics India neuromodulation transcranial direct current stimulation

Key Messages:

We conducted a bibliometric analysis of tDCS research in India using Scopus, examining trends, key contributors, and institutional affiliations.

Since 2011, research output has steadily increased, led by institutions such as NIMHANS, AIIMS, and KGMU, with support from agencies including the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Wellcome Trust-DBT Alliance.

Findings highlight growing national interest and the need for greater collaboration, standardized protocols, and clinical integration of tDCS.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique of neuromodulation used in the treatment of depression,¹ obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),² neuropathic pain^,3 and primary progressive aphasia.⁴ It is used to modulate neuronal excitability through anodal and cathodal stimulation, which either depolarizes or hyperpolarizes neurons to increase or decrease their excitability. The long-term aftereffects of tDCS are exerted through long-term potentiation and long-term depression (neuroplastic mechanisms).^{5, 6}

The concept of using electrical stimulation to treat medical conditions has been prevalent for centuries now, and the method of electrically stimulating the brain to reduce symptoms of psychopathology has come a long way.⁷ The modern tDCS began to evolve in the early 2000s through the work of Nitsche and Paulus.⁸ They used tDCS to functionally alter post-tetanic potentiation and short-term potentiation, ultimately leading to changes in synaptic plasticity as a solution to cognitive and psychiatric dysfunctions.⁸

It is assumed that tDCS works by modulating neuronal activity, which in turn influences localized blood flow and neurotransmitter release.⁹ Though relatively safe, the procedure should be used with caution on patients with a history of head injury, epilepsy, skin lesions, or with medically implanted devices.¹⁰ Evidence is emerging regarding the use of tDCS in various neurological and psychiatric conditions.¹⁰ Over the past two decades, there has been a notable increase in the application of tDCS in both clinical practice and research within India. In recent years, Indian researchers have conducted several systematic reviews evaluating the effect of tDCS on arousal levels and alertness in patients with traumatic brain injury,¹¹ Alzheimer’s disease,¹² and focal hand dystonia¹³. High definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) is also increasingly being used in the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders; however, most of the evidences are limited to case reports and clinical trials with small sample sizes.¹⁴ This bibliometric analysis aims to comprehensively examine the trends and developments in tDCS research from its initial introduction in 2011 to the present day (March 27, 2025).

There are several bibliometric analyses done on the use of tDCS in various neuropsychiatric conditions, such as stroke, pain, and cognitive rehabilitation, as well as the global trend of research.^15–20 However, to date, there has been no region-specific bibliometric analysis exploring the landscape of tDCS research in India. In India, tDCS has been used for over a decade, and the number of researchers contributing to tDCS studies from various Indian centers continues to grow.^21–23

The study aims to provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners who utilize tDCS in the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia, among others. By analyzing the growth and direction of tDCS research, we seek to identify existing research gaps and highlight critical domains that require further investigation. This analysis will not only inform ongoing research efforts but also contribute to a broader understanding of the efficacy and application of tDCS in India.

Methods

The studies analyzed in this article were all published in the public domain. The data from these studies were analyzed using free-to-use software (Publish or Perish: https://harzing.com/resources/publish-or-perish and Scopus Analytics) as well as manual sorting of the data in Microsoft Excel; hence, no ethical approvals were deemed necessary. Individual investigators extracted and verified the data to ensure objectivity and accuracy.

The data for the current study were extracted from Scopus using tDCS as the keyword. As Scopus is a well-recognized and authentic database, the majority of high-quality journals are available in the Scopus database, and it is freely accessible to one of the investigators; therefore, we used it in the analysis. Several bibliometric analyses were conducted, referring exclusively to the Scopus database.^24–26 The search was limited to articles that included tDCS as a keyword, were conducted in India, and were published in the English language. All articles published from January 1, 2011, to March 27, 2025, were included in the study. All published research, regardless of its nature (including conference abstracts), is included in the analysis. The search for research articles on Scopus was conducted on March 27, 2025.

The search string used was: TITLE-ABS-KEY (transcranial AND direct AND current AND stimulation) AND (LIMIT-TO (AFFILCOUNTRY, “India”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (EXACTKEYWORD, “TDCS”) OR LIMIT-TO (EXACTKEYWORD, “TDCS”)).

The articles obtained were then screened for duplicates, and a final list of articles was saved as an Excel file. The sorting feature of Excel was used for data synthesis. A simple descriptive analysis was done. Several multicentric studies were conducted at a global level; in such cases, only the Indian data were manually selected for analysis.

All articles published on tDCS, mentioning India as an affiliation country, and published from inception to March 27, 2025, were included. Articles published in any language apart from English were excluded. Articles not specifically mentioning tDCS or those conducted on a sample from outside India were excluded.

Results

A total of 310 published documents were found through a search in the Scopus database on tDCS research in India. Significant evolution has been observed in publication growth, funding agencies, authors’ participation, and institutional involvement since the first publication on tDCS in 2011.

Publication Trend of tDCS in India

The graph in Figure 1 illustrates the number of documents on tDCS published by Indian researchers from 2011 to 2025, on an annual basis. In the initial years, the number of publications started at a low level (2011–2014), with zero publications in 2012, indicating slow growth followed by an increase and occasional fluctuations between 2015 and 2020. A sharp escalation was observed in recent years (2021–2024), with the total number of annual publications on tDCS increasing from 26 in 2020 to 41 in 2021 and then to 49 in 2024, suggesting a growing research interest in tDCS in India. Ten publications have already been recorded in the first three months of 2025,^27–36 indicating the maintained momentum and further prominent increase in the number of publications on tDCS in the coming years. The current bibliometric analysis also revealed that the highest number of studies were published on people with schizophrenia (n = 53), followed by stroke (n = 27), OCD (n = 21), alcohol use disorder (n = 13), and depression (n = 11).

Figure 1.

Publication Trend of tDCS Research in India.

Types of Research Published on tDCS in India

A majority of the studies are research articles (51.6%), suggesting that most studies conducted in the field are original research. A substantial percentage of articles are review articles (18.4%). Notably, 16.5% of publications are in the form of letters, indicating short communications and rapid scientific discussions, as well as conference papers, which account for 5.5% of the total publications. Editorials (4.2%), notes (1.9%), book chapters (1.6%), and short surveys (0.3%) comprise the smaller proportion of publications. Overall, the publication indicates that tDCS research in India is primarily driven by full-length research articles, with noteworthy additions in the form of letters and reviews, as well as conference papers, indicating academic engagement.

Publication Distribution Across Journals

Table 1 lists the top 10 journals publishing research on tDCS in India, highlighting the contributions of researchers in this field at the global level within the scientific community. A total of 29 publications were published in the Asian Journal of Psychiatry, accompanied closely by 26 publications in the Indian Journal of Psychiatry. Brain Simulation, Journal of ECT, and Schizophrenia Research published 15, 12, and 10 articles, respectively; the remaining journals in the top 10 account for 30 articles combined, ranging from 8 to 5. Neurology India, Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, Brain Science, and Frontiers in Psychiatry are the remaining notable journals among the top ten.

Table 1.

Top 10 Journals Publishing tDCS-related Research from India.

Sl. No.	Journal	Number of Publications
1	Asian Journal of Psychiatry	29
2	Indian Journal of Psychiatry	26
3	Brain Stimulation	15
4	Journal of ECT	12
5	Schizophrenia Research	10
6	Neurology India	8
7	Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience	6
8	Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine	6
9	Brain Sciences	5
10	Frontiers in Psychiatry	5

Top 15 Contributing Authors

Table 2 lists the top 15 researchers contributing to tDCS-related research in India. Venkatsubramanian G has published a remarkable 71 articles, followed by Shivakumar V, with 42 publications. Bose A, Narayanaswamy JC, and Sreeraj VS ranked third, fourth, and fifth, with 39, 37, and 32 publications, respectively. These researchers have significantly outdone others, thereby enhancing their dominant role in advancing tDCS-related research. The remaining researchers have contributed between 28 and 10 publications.

Table 2.

Top 15 Authors Publishing tDCS-related Research from India.

Sl. No.	Authors	Number of Publications
1	Venkatasubramanian, G.	71
2	Shivakumar, V.	42
3	Bose, A.	39
4	Narayanaswamy, JC.	37
5	Sreeraj, VS.	32
6	Chhabra, H.	28
7	Agarwal, SM.	20
8	Kar, SK.	18
9	Parlikar, R.	17
10	Dutta, A.	14
11	Kalmady, SV.	14
12	Chowdhury, SR.	12
13	Andrade, C.	10
14	Dinakaran, D.	10
15	Mehta, UM.	10

Top 10 Contributing Organizations

Table 3 lists the top 10 Indian organizations that have contributed to tDCS research, ranked by their publication yield. The NIMHANS, Bengaluru, ascended the list with an astonishing 107 publications, followed by AIIMS, New Delhi, with 22 publications, indicating a significant gap in publication counts for the position just below. King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, secured the third position with 19 publications. The Manipal Academy of Higher Education and the Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, have 14 publications each, closely followed by the Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, and the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, with 10 publications each. Among various listed Indian institutes, NIMHANS, AIIMS, and KGMU prominently and significantly contributed to tDCS research.

Table 3.

Top 10 Organizations Contributing to tDCS-related Research from India.

Sl. No.	Organizations	Number of Publications
1	National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru	107
2	All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi	22
3	King George’s Medical University, Lucknow	19
4	Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal	14
5	Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi	14
6	Manipal College of Health professions, Manipal	11
7	Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh	10
8	Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi	10
9	Kasturba Medical College, Manipal	9
10	Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar	8
11	Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry	8
12	Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be University, Mullana	8

Top 10 Contributing Funding Agencies

Table 4 lists publications funded by various agencies. The Department of Science and Technology (DST), under the Ministry of Science and Technology in India, was the lead, with a total of 42 publications. It is closely followed by the Wellcome Trust-DBT Alliance, with 40 publications, and the Indian Council of Medical Research, with 35 publications. The Department of Biotechnology, which falls under the Ministry of Science and Technology in India, has published 34 articles. The DST, Government of Kerala, has contributed 15 publications. The National Institute of Health and UK Research and Innovation have 13 publications each. The Department of Biotechnology from the Government of West Bengal added nine publications in the field, followed by the National Research Foundation of Korea and the Wellcome Trust, which contributed eight publications each. The prominent role and interest of Indian government agencies and international alliances in progressing the tDCS research in India are exhibited in this funding distribution, with a powerful prominence on the Wellcome Trust and national science and technology departments.

Table 4.

Top 10 Funding Agencies Involved in tDCS-Related Research from India.

Sl. No.	Funding Agencies	Number of Publications
1	Department of Science and Technology (DST), Ministry of Science and Technology, India	42
2	The Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance	40
3	Indian Council of Medical Research	35
4	Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India	34
5	DST, Government of Kerala	15
6	National Institutes of Health	13
7	UK Research and Innovation	13
8	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services	11
9	Department of Biotechnology, Government of West Bengal	9
10	National Research Foundation of Korea	8
11	Wellcome Trust	8

Top 10 Most Cited Research on tDCS

Table 5 provides data on the top 10 most cited research publications on tDCS by Indian researchers. An article published in 2021 in the International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, outlined guidelines and a secondary meta-analysis for the use of tDCS in neurological and psychiatric disorders, and was cited 350 times, securing the title for the most cited research on tDCS.³⁷ A Cerebellum journal research article closely followed it, cited 292 times, which focuses on cerebellar function in systems-level neuroscience.³⁸ A research on regulatory considerations for the clinical and research use of tDCS secured the third spot with 210 citations.³⁹

Table 5.

Top 10 Most Cited Research on Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) from India.

Article Title	Journals	Year of Publication	Authors	Citations
Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in neurological and psychiatric disorders	International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology	2021	Fregni F; El-Hagrassy MM; Pacheco-Barrios K; Carvalho S; Leite J; Simis M; et al.	350
Consensus paper: Towards a systems-level view of cerebellar function: The interplay between cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortex	Cerebellum	2017	Caligiore D; Pezzulo G; Baldassarre G; Bostan AC; Strick PL; Doya K; et al.	292
Regulatory considerations for the clinical and research use of tDCS: Review and recommendations from an expert panel	Clinical research and regulatory affairs	2015	Fregni F; Nitsche MA; Loo CK; Brunoni AR; Marangolo P; Leite J; et al.	210
Transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation (tES and TMS) for addiction medicine: A consensus paper on the present state of the science and the road ahead	Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews	2019	Ekhtiari H; Tavakoli H; Addolorato G; Baeken C; Bonci A; Campanella S; et al.	201
Deep learning for neuroimaging-based diagnosis and rehabilitation of autism spectrum disorder: A review	Computers in biology and medicine	2021	Khodatars M; Shoeibi A; Sadeghi D; Ghaasemi N; Jafari M; Moridian P; et al.	167
toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder	Molecular psychiatry	2021	Shephard E; Stern ER; van den Heuvel OA; Costa DLC; Batistuzzo MC; Godoy PBG; et al.	112
Once-to twice-daily, three year domiciliary maintenance tDCS for severe, disabling, clozapine-refractory continuous auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia	Journal of ECT	2013	Andrade C	86
Clinical practice guidelines for obsessive-compulsive disorder	Indian Journal of Psychiatry	2017	Janardhan Reddy YC; Sundar A; Narayanaswamy J; Math S	82
Guidelines for TMS/tES clinical services and research through the COVID-19 pandemic	Brain Stimulation	2020	Bikson M; Hanlon CA; Woods AJ; Gillick BT; Charvet L; Lamm C; et al.	80
EEG-NIRS based assessment of neurovascular coupling during anodal tDCS - A stroke case series	Journal of Medical Systems	2015	Dutta A; Jacob A; Chowdhury SR; Das A; Nitsche MA	73

Discussion

The current bibliometric analysis comprised 310 studies conducted by Indian researchers related to the use of tDCS. All studies from inception to March 27, 2025, were included in the analysis. According to our review, the first article on the topic was published in 2011.⁴⁰ Since then, more and more studies have been published, with 2024 yielding the highest number of published articles.

Since it is a relatively newer technique, a majority of the articles are original research. There were also a few review articles published on tDCS, aimed at summarizing the significant findings of original articles. Notably, there were also letters, conference papers, and book chapters, suggesting the practitioners’ increased interest in this treatment technique.

In terms of publication, The Asian Journal of Psychiatry was the highest contributor, closely followed by the Indian Journal of Psychiatry. Other reputable journals, such as Brain Stimulation, Journal of ECT, and Schizophrenia Research, have also significantly contributed to the number of publications on tDCS.

Venkatasubramanian G has the highest number of publications, followed by Shivakumar V and Bose A. Several institutions throughout India have contributed to the study of tDCS. Current research, however, highlights a staggering difference in the number of studies published by the leading institute, NIMHANS, Bangalore (107), compared to AIIMS, Delhi (22), and KGMU, Lucknow (19), which rank second and third, respectively. It may be recommended to improve research infrastructure and promote inter-institute collaborations to foster robust and comprehensive research on the subject matter. A multidisciplinary collaboration exists between medical and engineering colleges, such as the IITs, that has contributed to tDCS research in India.^{41, 42} This suggests a need to integrate technology with medical practice to make such neuromodulation equipment more efficient. Additionally, this is likely to make such technology indigenous and more accessible to the Indian population.

It was evident that funding agencies, including the DST, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance, the Indian Council of Medical Research, and the Department of Biotechnology, were particularly interested in promoting research on tDCS. This measure is noninvasive, cost-effective, and vastly scalable, which aligns well with the public health needs of a country as vast as India.

The meta-analysis on the use of tDCS in neurological and psychiatric disorders received the highest number of citations. Other highly cited articles explored the role of tDCS in cerebellar function, addiction medicine, schizophrenia, OCD, and stroke. This suggests that tDCS is gaining popularity among medical practitioners.

The current article highlights the growing interest in tDCS, as evidenced by the increasing number of publications each year over the last decade. The technique may be gaining popularity due to its noninvasive, cost-effective, and scalable nature, but it still requires more focused, original studies. The fact that people are relying on the meta-analysis underscores a need to have more structured and unified data on the efficacy, use, and regulation of tDCS for the treatment of various neurological and psychological disorders. In the current Indian context, tDCS facilities are not easily accessible or available, so care is limited to specific centers in the country. The development of a low-cost device and the increase of facilities for specialized training may assist in expanding tDCS care delivery and tDCS-related research within the country. A recent global bibliometric study analyzing 4,756 peer-reviewed publications on tDCS found that the United States and Harvard University were the leading contributors, with key research hotspots including depression, working memory, and stimulation parameters such as intensity and efficacy.⁴³ In comparison, while India has shown a steady rise in tDCS research output, the volume and international visibility remain relatively limited. These findings underscore the need for increased research investment, collaboration, and visibility in India to align with global trends and maximize the clinical and academic impact in the field of neuromodulation.

Strengths and Limitations

The current study aimed to incorporate all studies published on tDCS, regardless of the subspecialty, and provide a comprehensive understanding of the trends related to this new treatment technique. However, that being said, the study did not incorporate data from any database other than Scopus, which may have led to the omission of a few more relevant studies. Furthermore, a gray literature search was not conducted in this analysis, which may have resulted in the omission of some relevant research in this area. A small subset of the included studies (n = 10) focused on HD-tDCS, while the majority examined conventional tDCS. This variation in stimulation type was not analyzed separately and represents a limitation, given the potential differences in mechanisms and clinical applications.

Conclusions

This bibliometric analysis aimed to comprehensively report trends in tDCS research involving India. It extracted all relevant data from Scopus to reveal that there has been a steady growth in the number of research articles being published on this subject matter over the last decade. The first study on tDCS in India was published in 2011, followed by slow growth until 2014; however, interest in the field has remained steady since then. A total of 10 studies have been published in the first three months of 2025, suggesting promising growth for research in the subject matter of tDCS in the coming months.

The findings indicate that, although there are institutes all over the country contributing to research on tDCS, a wide gap exists between the highest contributor (NIMHANS) and the second-highest contributor (AIIMS). This underscores the need for more studies from various institutions to strengthen the national evidence base for the use of tDCS in clinical practice. The Asian Journal of Psychiatry and the Indian Journal of Psychiatry emerged as key platforms that disseminated the latest knowledge about tDCS.

Funding agencies have also played a significant role in the number of studies being conducted in India, with the DST, DBT India, ICMR, and international bodies such as the Wellcome Trust and the DBT Alliance being notable contributors. The studies published in India have been cited several times, which again indicates a global interest in the therapeutic potential, clinical applicability, and need for standardized protocols in the use of tDCS in medical practice.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article available online.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Nil.

Data Sharing Statements

The data used in the current study were collected from published studies and are available publicly. The authors have provided the list of studies included in the bibliometric analysis as a supplementary file.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Declaration Regarding the Use of Generative AI

No part of this article was written or generated by a generative AI tool. The authors take full responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the published article.

Ethical Consideration

Not applicable.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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