Next-generation extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for multi-organ recovery after refractory cardiac arrest *

Abstract

Introduction: Survival after cardiac arrest and prolonged conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation remains poor, with out-of-hospital survival rates of only 2%–10%. Conventional veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation can restore circulation but provides uncontrolled reperfusion, fails to prevent ischemia–reperfusion injury and offers limited physiological monitoring, resulting in inconsistent neurological outcomes. Experimental evidence indicates that tissue viability after prolonged ischemia depends not only on its duration but critically on how reperfusion is performed. Methods: Controlled reperfusion strategies, such as controlled automated reperfusion of the whole body, achieve superior preservation of neurological and multi-organ function. Building on prior single-organ reperfusion research, controlled automated reperfusion of the whole body was developed as a next-generation, portable extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-based platform for multi-organ recovery after cardiac arrest and prolonged conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Results: It integrates (1) advanced extracorporeal circulation with high pressure, high flow, pulsatility and rapid hypothermia; (2) a cytoprotective regimen targeting ischemia and reperfusion injury; (3) real-time hemodynamic, metabolic and temperature monitoring; and (4) a mobile design for rapid deployment. In experimental studies, controlled automated reperfusion of the whole body achieved up to 90% survival with intact neurological function after 20 min of cardiac arrest in porcine models. First clinical applications (since 2017) demonstrated favorable outcomes even after 120 min of conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A recent multicenter European study (n = 69) reported 42% overall survival, with 79% of survivors achieving favorable neurological recovery (Cerebral Performance Category 1–2) at 90 days, particularly in in-hospital cardiac arrest and pre-hospital cannulation subgroups. Conclusion: Controlled automated reperfusion of the whole body thus represents a major advance in resuscitation science, enabling controlled multi-organ recovery after prolonged whole-body ischemia.