Current Trends in Extended Lymph Node Dissection for Esophageal Carcinoma

Abstract

Extended lymph node dissection helps increase the curativeness of resection, the accuracy of surgical-pathological staging, and the prognosis of thoracic esophageal carcinoma. However, it is also associated with significantly increased surgical morbidity and has noticeable negative effects on the quality of life after surgery. Current trends for selective lymph node dissection based on clinical evidence may be helpful in reducing surgical risks while assuring the completeness of resection.

Keywords

Esophageal Neoplasms Lymphatic Metastasis Neck Dissection Postoperative Complications Vocal Cord Paralysis

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Earlam

Cunha-Melo

. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: I. A critical review of surgery [Review]. Br J Surg 1980; 67: 381–90

Müller

Erasmi

Stelzner

Zieren

Pichlmaier

. Surgical therapy of oesophageal carcinoma [Review]. Br J Surg 1990; 77: 845–57

Zhang

Cheng

Huang

Zhang

Liu

Mao

Operable squamous esophageal carcinoma: current results from the East. World J Surg 1994; 18: 347–54

Watson

. Operable squamous esophageal carcinoma: current results from the West. World J Surg 1994; 18: 361–6

Mandard

Chasle

Marnay

Villedieu

Bianco

Roussel

Autopsy findings in 111 cases of esophageal cancer. Cancer 1981; 48: 329–33

Isono

Onoda

Ishikawa

Sato

Nakayama

. Studies on the causes of death for esophageal carcinoma. Cancer 1982; 49: 2173–9

Isono

Sato

Nakayama

. Results of a nationwide study on three-field lymph node dissection of esophageal cancer. Oncology 1991; 48: 411–20

Kato

Tachimori

Watanabe

Iizuka

Terui

S Itabashi

Lymph node metastasis in thoracic esophageal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1991; 48: 106–11

Akiyama

Tsurumaru

Udagawa

Kajiyama

. Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Surg 1994; 220: 364–73

10.

Ilson

Kelsen

. Combined modality therapy in the treatment of esophageal cancer [Review]. Semin Oncol 1994; 21: 493–507

11.

Kelsen

Ilson

. Chemotherapy and combined-modality therapy for esophageal cancer [Review]. Chest 1995; 107(Suppl): 224S–32S

12.

Kato

Watanabe

Tachimori

Iizuka

. Evaluation of neck lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 931–5

13.

Lerut

De Leyn

Coosemans

Van Raemdonck

Scheys

LeSaffre

. Surgical strategies in esophageal carcinoma with emphasis on radical lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg 1992; 216: 583–9

14.

Altorki

Skinner

. Occult cervical nodal metastasis in esophageal cancer: preliminary results of three-field lymphadenectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 113: 540–4

15.

Akiyama

Tsurumaru

Ono

. Lymphatic drainage of the esophagus. In: Sato

Iizukam

, editors. Color atlas of surgical anatomy for esophageal cancer. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag, 1992:10

16.

Shields

. Lymphatic drainage of the esophagus. In: Shields

, editor. General thoracic surgery, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1994: 1370–7

17.

Liebermann-Meffert

. Anatomical basis for the approach and extent of surgical treatment of esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2001; 14: 81–4

18.

Kato

Tachimori

Watanabe

Igaki

Nakanishi

Ochiai

. Recurrent esophageal carcinoma after esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection. J Surg Oncol 1996; 61: 267–72

19.

Nakagawa

Kanda

Kosugi

Ohashi

Suzuki

Hatakeyama

. Recurrence pattern of squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus after extended radical esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy. J Am Coll Surg 2004; 198: 205–11

20.

Dresner

Wayman

Shenfine

Harris

Hayes

Griffin

. Pattern of recurrence following subtotal oesophagectomy with two field lymphadenectomy. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 362–73

21.

Hagen

DeMeester

Peters

Chandrasoma

DeMeester

. Curative resection for esophageal adenocarcinoma: analysis of 100 en bloc esophagectomies. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 520–30

22.

Hulscher

van Sandick

Tijssen

Obertop

van Lanschot

. The recurrence pattern of esophageal carcinoma after transhiatal resection. J Am Coll Surg 2000; 191: 143–8

23.

Clark

Peters

Ireland

Ehsan

Hagen

Kiyabu

Nodal metastasis and sites of recurrence after en bloc esophagectomy for adenocarcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 58: 646–53

24.

Katayama

Mafune

Tanaka

Takubo

Makuuchi

Kaminishi

. Autopsy findings in patients after curative esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2003; 196: 866–73

25.

Udagawa

Akiyama

. Surgical treatment of esophageal cancer: Tokyo experience of the three-field technique. Dis Esophagus 2001; 14: 110–4

26.

Law

Wong

. Two-field dissection is enough for esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2001; 14: 98–103

27.

Fang

Kato

Chen

Tachimori

Igaki

Sato

. Comparison of surgical management of thoracic esophageal carcinoma between two referral centers in Japan and China. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2001; 31: 203–8

28.

Fang

Chen

Jiang

. Selective three-field lymphadenectomy for thoracic esophageal squamous carcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2007; 20: 206–11

29.

Fang

Chen

Fan

Cao

Chen

Jiang

. Causes and prevention of anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy and reconstruct ion through different routes for esophageal cancer. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2005; 8: 217–9

30.

Baba

Aikou

Natsugoe

Kusano

Shimada

Nakano

Quality of life following esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy for carcinoma, focusing on its relationship to vocal cord palsy. Dis Esophagus 1998; 11: 28–34

31.

Tachimori

Kato

Watanabe

Yamaguchi

. Neck ultrasonography for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 57: 1180–3

32.

Kato

Tachimori

Mizobuchi

Igaki

Ochiai

. Cervical, mediastinal, and abdominal lymph node dissection (three-field dissection) for superficial carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Cancer 1993; 72: 2879–82

33.

Nakagawa

Nishimaki

Kosugi

Ohashi

Kanda

Hatakeyama

. Cervical lymphadenectomy is beneficial for patients with carcinoma of the upper and mid-thoracic esophagus. Dis Esophagus 2003; 16: 4–8

34.

Noguchi

Wada

Takeno

Hashimoto

Moriyama

Uchida

. Two-step three-field lymph node dissection is beneficial for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2004; 17: 27–31

35.

Jank

Robatscher

Emshoff

Strobl

Gojer

Norer

. The diagnostic value of ultrasonography to detect occult lymph node involvement at different levels in patients with squamous cell carcinoma in the maxillofacial region. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 32: 39–42

36.

Rossi

Mocellin

Scagnet

Foletto

Vecchiato

Pilati

The role of preoperative ultrasound scan in detecting lymph node metastasis before sentinel node biopsy in melanoma patients. J Surg Oncol 2003; 83: 80–4

37.

Deurloo

Tanis

Gilhuijs

Muller

Kröger

Peterse

Reduction in the number of sentinel lymph node procedures by preoperative ultrasonography of the axilla in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39: 1068–73

38.

Tohnosu

Onoda

Isono

. Ultrasonographic evaluation of cervical lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer with special reference to the relationship between the short to long axis ratio (S/L) and the cancer content. J Clin Ultrasound 1989; 17: 101–6

39.

Fang

Zhang

Chen

Jiang

Tao

Zhou

. Ultrasound surveillance of cervical lymph node metastasis in thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2003; 41: 523–5