A case-control study on oropharynx and hypopharynx cancer was carried out in the region of Heidelberg (in the southwest region of Germany). This report presents an analysis of the risk associated with alcohol and tobacco consumption based on 105 cases and 420 controls matched for age, sex, and area of residency.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
WynderELMabuchiK. Etiological and preventive aspects of human cancer. Prev Med1972; 1: 300–34
2.
WynderELBrossIDJDayE. A study of environmental factors in cancer of the larynx. Cancer1956; 9: 86–110
3.
FlandersWDRothmanKJ. Interaction of alcohol and tobacco in laryngeal cancer. Am J Epidemiol1982; 115: 371–9
4.
BlotWJMcLaughlinJKWinnDMSmoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Res1988; 48: 3282–7
5.
BrownsonRCChangJC. Exposure to alcohol and tobacco and risk of laryngeal cancer. Arch Environ Health1987; 42: 192–6
6.
BrugereJGuenelPLeclercARodriguezJ. Differential effects of tobacco and alcohol in cancer of the larynx, pharynx, and mouth. Cancer1986; 57: 391–5
7.
ElwoodJMPearsonJCGSkippenDHJacksonSM. Alcohol, smoking, social and occupational risk factors in the etiology of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Int J Cancer1984; 34: 603–12
8.
OlsenJSabroeSIpsenJ. Effect of combined alcohol and tobacco exposure on risk of cancer of the hypopharynx. J Epidemiol Community Health1985; 39: 304–7
9.
SmithEM. Epidemiology of oral and pharyngeal cancers in the United States. Review of recent literature. J Natl Cancer Instit1979; 63: 1189–95
10.
TuynsAJEsteveJRaymondL. Cancer of the larynx/hypopharynx, tobacco and alcohol: IARC International case-control study in Turin and Varese (Italy), Zaragoza and Navarra (Spain), Geneva (Switzerland), and Calvados (France). Int J Cancer1988; 41: 483–91
11.
MaierHDietzAGewelkeUHellerWDWeidauerH. Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer. Clin Investig1992; 70: 320–7
12.
HoffmannDMelkianAAdamsJDBrunnemannNDHaleyND. New aspects of tobacco carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis1985; 8: 239–56
13.
International Agency for Research on Cancer.Alcohol drinking (IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, no. 44).Lyons, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1988
14.
SAS user's guide: Statistics.Cary, N.C.: SAS Institute, Inc, 1985
15.
SUGI. Supplemental library user's guide.5th ed.Cary, N.C.: SAS Institute, Inc., 1985
16.
MaierHHellerW-D. Risk of head and neck cancer in heavy smokers and drinkers: Results of the Heidelberg case-control studies (unpublished data)
17.
BresloweN. Use of the power transform to discriminate between additive and multiplicative models in epidemiologic research. In: MoolgavkarSHPrenticeRL eds. Modern statistical methods in chronic disease epidemiology.New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1986: 181–96
18.
BresloweNStorerBE. General risk functions for case control studies. Am J Epidemiol1985; 122: 149–62
19.
SeitzHKSimanowskiUA. Alcohol and carcinogenesis. Ann Rev Nutr1988; 8: 99–119
20.
FarinatiFZhouZCBellahJLieberCSGarroAJ. Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on activation of nitrosopyrrolidine to a mutagen by rat upper alimentary tract, lung, and hepatic tissue. Drug Metab Dispos1985; 13: 210–4
21.
GarroAJSeitzHKLieberCS. Enhancement of dimethylnitrosamine metabolism and activation to a mutagen following chronic ethanol consumption in the rat. Cancer Res1981; 41: 120–4
22.
WeisburgerJH. Chemical carcinogens. In: CasarettLJDollJ. eds. Toxicology, the basic science of poisons.New York: Macmillan, 1975: 333–78
23.
OdeleyeOEWatsonRREskelsonCDMuftiSI. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids promote peroxidation and its possible role in the promotion of cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol1991; 283: 789–91
24.
MuftiSJBeckerGSipesIG. Effect of chronic dietary ethanol consumption on the initiation and promotion of chemically induced esophageal carcinogenesis in experimental rats. Carcinogenesis1989; 10: 303–9
25.
MuftiSJLieberCSGarroAJ. Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the extent and persistence of DMN-induced DNA-alkylation. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res1981; 21: 58
26.
BarrowsLRShankRC. Aberrant methylation of liver DNA during hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol1981; 60: 334–45
27.
AlvarezMR. Numerical chromosome variation in mouse spermatogonia resulting from alcohol consumption. J Hered1983; 74: 58
28.
ObeGHerthaJ. Chromosomal damage in chronic alcohol users. Humangenetik1975; 29: 191–200
29.
MuftiSPrabhalaRMoriguchiSSippesJGWatsonRR. Functional and numerical alterations by ethanol in the cellular immune system. Immunopharmacology1988; 15: 85–92
30.
SorrellMFLeevyCM. Lymphocyte transformation and alcoholic liver injury. Gastroenterology1972; 63: 1020–5
31.
MakKMLeoMALieberCS. Effect of ethanol and vitamin A deficiency on epithelial cell proliferation and structure in the rat esophagus. Gastroenterology1987; 93: 362–70
32.
WrightNA. The histogenesis of gastrointestinal cancer. In: HodgsonHJFBlumSR eds. Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary cancer.London: Chapman and Hall, 1983: 79–118
33.
SpiegelhalderBEisenbrandGPreussmannR. Contamination of beer with trace quantities of N-nitroso-dimethylamine. Food Cosmet Toxicol1979; 17: 29–31
34.
MarshallE. Carcinogens in Scotch. Science1979; 205: 768–9
35.
LieberCSGarroAJLeoMAMakKMWornerTM. Alcohol and cancer. Hepatology1986; 6: 1005–19
36.
MaierHBornIAVeithSAdlerDSeitzHK. The effect of chronic ethanol consumption on salivary gland morphology and function in the rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res1986; 10: 425–9
37.
MaierHBornIAMallG. Effect of chronic ethanol and nicotine consumption on the function and morphology of the salivary glands. Klin Wochenschr1988; 66: 140–4
38.
McClainCJSuLC. Zinc deficiency in the alcoholic: A review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res1983; 7: 5–10
39.
McLaughlinJKGridleyGBlockG. Dietary factors in oral and pharyngeal cancer. J Natl Cancer Instit1988; 80: 1237–43
40.
SeitzHKKommerellB. Alkoholismus als häufigste Ursache für Mangelernährung. Dtsch Ärzteblatt1990; 87: 497–500