Comparing Mannequin Upper Airway Anatomic Fidelity

Abstract

Objective: Evaluate the anatomic fidelity of pediatric and adult mannequins commonly used in upper airway procedure training. Develop assessment criteria for future anatomic fidelity studies conducted among otolaryngologists and other airway specialists.

Method: Experienced otolaryngologists assessed the anatomic fidelity of 8 mannequins (lettered A-H) in a passive state (eg, no electronic augmentation), using rigid and flexible endoscopy and a 5-point rating scale (5 = best). Ratings of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and neck are displayed in a “spidergram.”

Results: Eleven faculty otolaryngologists evaluated the realism of upper airway passive anatomic fidelity of 3 adult and 5 pediatric mannequins, during a 1-day course. Mean scores and standard deviations were tabulated for each mannequin at each anatomic site, and displayed in “spidergrams.” Differences in scores allow comparison of mannequin anatomic fidelity by site (maximum range, 2.8 for nasopharynx) and by mannequin (maximum range, 2.1). Because of the small number of responses in this pilot study, mannequins are deidentified.

Conclusion: Ratings by survey participants demonstrated variation in the anatomic fidelity of a range of commercially available mannequins. Spidergram display of the results may allow instructors to select mannequins with the best anatomic fidelity for their specific educational purposes and may contribute to recommendations for improving mannequin fidelity.