A randomized controlled study explored the effects of two intensity-oriented exercise interventions on affect to exercise and physical activity behavior. Inactive retirees finished the 12-week group-based exercise intervention and 3-month telephone follow-up with 27 in self-selected intensity group and 26 in prescribed intensity group. Repeated measures of daily step counts (measured by Yamax pedometers), positive and negative affect to exercise, weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure were done at baseline, postintervention, and 3-month follow-up. Increased daily step counts and positive affect, and reduced body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure of both groups, and negative affect of self-selected intensity group were found at different measuring times. Although self-selected intensity group had no significantly different daily step counts from prescribed intensity group, the former had a more positive and less negative affect to exercise. Findings suggest that future exercise programs use self-selected intensity exercise programs to improve pleasure affect to exercise.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2013). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (9th ed., PescatelloL. S.ArenaR.RiebeD.ThompsonP.D., Eds.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2.
BarnettI.GuellC.OgilvieD. (2013). How do couples influence each other’s physical activity behaviors in retirement? An exploratory qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 13, 1197. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1197
3.
BassettD. R.AinsworthB. E.LeggettS. R.MathienC. A.MainJ. A.HunterD. C.DuncanG. E. (1996). Accuracy of five electronic pedometers for measuring distance walked. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 28, 1071-1077. doi:10.1097/00005768-199608000-00019
4.
CohenJ. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
5.
CrispimA. C.ArcherA. B.CruzR. M. (2014). Methodological issues about affect: A systematic review about assessment tests of affect. International Journal of Education and Social Science, 1(3), 118-126.
6.
EkkekakisP. (2003). Pleasure and displeasure from the body: Perspectives from exercise. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 213-239.
7.
EkkekakisP. (2009). Let them roam free? Physiological and psychological evidence for the potential of self-selected exercise intensity in public health. Sports Medicine, 39, 857-888. doi:10.2165/11315210-000000000-00000
8.
EkkekakisP. (2014). Hedonic theory. In EklundR. C.TenenbaumG. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sport and exercise psychology (pp. 334-336). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
9.
EkkekakisP.HargreavesE. A.ParfittG. (2013). Envisioning the next fifty years of research on the exercise-affect relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 751-758. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.04.007
10.
EkkekakisP.ParfittG.PetruzzelloS. J. (2011). The pleasure and displeasure people feel when they exercise at different intensities: Decennial update and progress towards a tripartite rationale for exercise intensity prescription. Sports Medicine, 41, 641-671. doi:10.2165/11590680-000000000-00000
11.
FarranceC.TsofliouF.ClarkC. (2016). Adherence to community based group exercise interventions for older people: A mixed-methods systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 87, 155-166. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.037
12.
FochtB. C. (2013). Affective responses to 10-minute and 30-minute walks in inactive overweight women: Relationships with theory-based correlates of walking for exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 759-766. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.04.003
13.
FreitasL. A. G.FerreiraS. D. S.FreitasR. Q.SouzaC. H. D.SilvaS. G. D. (2015). Effect of a 12-week aerobic training program on perceptual and affective responses in obese women. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27, 2221-2224. doi:10.1589/jpts.27.2221
14.
Gallegos-CarrilloK.García-PeñaC.SalmerónJ.Salgado-de-SnyderV. N.Vázquez-CabrerG.LobeloF. (2014). Exercise-referral scheme to promote physical activity among hypertensive patients: Design of a cluster randomized trial in the primary health care units of Mexico’s social security system. BMC Public Health, 14, 706. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-706
15.
GarberC. E.BlissmerB.DeschenesM. R.FranklinB. A.LamonteM. J.LeeI.SwainD. P. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribed exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43, 1334-1359. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb
16.
GarmendiaM. L.DangourA. D.AlbalaC.EguigurenP.AllenE.UauyR. (2013). Adherence to a physical activity intervention among older adults in a post-transitional middle income country: A quantitative and qualitative analysis. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 17, 466-471. doi:10.1007/s12603-012-0417-1
17.
Hamlyn-WilliamsD. C.FreemanP.ParfittG. (2014). Acute affective responses to prescribed and self-selected exercise sessions in adolescent girls: An observational study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6(35), 1-9. doi:10.1186/2052-1847-6-35
18.
HuangL.YangT. Z.JiZ. M. (2003). Applicability of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale in Chinese. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 17, 54-56.
19.
LiaoY.ShonkoffE. T.DuntonG. F. (2015). The acute relationships between affect, physical feeling states, and physical activity in daily life: A review of current evidence. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1975. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01975
20.
MurphyS. L.EavesD. L. (2016). Exercising for the pleasure and for the pain of it: The implications of different forms of hedonistic thinking in theories of physical activity behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 843. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00843
21.
OliveiraB. R. R.DeslandesA. C.SantosT. M. (2015). Differences in exercise intensity seems to influence the affective responses in self-selected and imposed exercise: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1105. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01105
22.
PetryN. M.AndradeL. F.BarryD.ByrneS. (2013). A randomized study of reinforcing ambulatory exercise in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 28, 1164-1173. doi:10.1037/a0032563
23.
ReedJ.BuckS. (2009). The effect of regular aerobic exercise on positive-activated affect: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 581-594. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.05.009
24.
RhodesR. E.KatesA. (2015). Can the affective response to exercise predict future motives and physical activity behavior? A systematic review of published evidence. Annals Behavioral Medicine, 49, 715-731. doi:10.1007/s12160-015-9704-5
25.
RoseE. A.ParfittG. (2012). Exercise experience influences affective and motivational outcomes of prescribed and self-selected intensity exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22, 265-277. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01161.x
26.
ShephardR. J. (2009). Maximal oxygen intake and independence in old age. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, 342-346. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.044800
27.
WatsonD.ClarkL. A.TellegenA. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
28.
WilliamsD. M.DunsigerS.CiccoloJ. T.LewisB. A.AlbrechtA. E.MarcusB. H. (2008). Acute affective response to a moderate-intensity exercise stimulus predicts physical activity participation 6 and 12 months later. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 231-245. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.002
29.
WilliamsD. M.DunsigerS.JenningsE. G.MarcusB. H. (2012). Does affective valence during and immediately following a 10-min walk predict concurrent and future physical activity?Annals Behavioral Medicine, 44, 43-51. doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9362-9
30.
World Health Organization. (2015). China country assessment report on ageing and health. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
