There has been limited empirical support for interventions designed to promote physical activity targeting mobility in racially diverse older adults. This study aims to examine the effects of a Motivational Physical Activity Intervention (MPAI) on social resource, behavioral change process, physical activity, and mobility variables in sedentary older Korean Americans. A quasi-experimental, repeated-measure, pre- and post-tests design was used. Sixty-four community-dwelling, sedentary older Korean Americans (n = 33 for MPAI group, n = 31 for Attention Control group) participated in the study. There were significant improvements in social resources, including social support from family and friends; behavioral change process variables, including self-efficacy; motivational appraisal; and self-regulation for physical activity. There were significant intervention effects on physical activity, walking endurance, and flexibility. The MPAI is supported as improving mobility and physical activity, as well as increasing motivation for physical activity in older Korean Americans.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2002). Position stand: Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34, 364-380.
2.
BeanJ. F.KielyD. K.LeveilleS. G.HermanS.HuynhC.FieldingR.FronteraW. (2002). The 6-minute walk test in mobility-limited elders: What is being measured?The Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 57A, M751-M756.
3.
BelzaB.WalwickJ.Shiu-ThorntonS.SchwartzS.TaylorM.LoGerfoJ. (2004). Older adult perspectives on physical activity and exercise. Voices from multiple cultures. Preventing Chronic Disease, 1(4), Article 09.
4.
ConnV.HafdahlA.BrownS.BrownL. (2008). Meta-analysis of patient education interventions to increase physical activity among chronically ill adults. Patient Education and Counseling, 70, 157-172.
5.
FleuryJ.Cameron-GoK. (2003). Index of readiness: Development and psychometric analysis. In StricklandC. L.WaltzC. (Eds.), Measurement of nursing outcomes (pp. 265-287). New York, NY: Springer.
6.
FleuryJ.PerezA. (2009). Wellness motivation theory in practice. Geriatric Nursing, 30(2 Suppl.), 15-20.
7.
GuralnikJ. M.SimonsickE. M.FerrucciL.GlynnR. J.BerkmanL. F.BlazerD. G.. . . WallaceR. B. (1994). A Short Physical Performance Battery assessing lower extremity function: Association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences, 49, M85-M94.
8.
GuyattG. H.SullivanM. J.ThompsonP. J.FallenE. L.PugsleyS. O.TaylorD. W.. . . BermanL. B. (1985). The 6-minute walk: A new measure of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 132, 919-923.
9.
HanH.KangJ.KimK. B.RyuJ. P.KimM. T. (2007). Barriers to and strategies for recruiting Korean Americans for community-partnered health promotion research. Journal of Immigrant Health, 9, 137-146.
10.
HaskellW. L.LeeI. M.PateR. R.PowellK. E.BlairS. N.FranklinB. A.. . .BaumanA. (2007). Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39, 1423-1434.
11.
HirvensaloM.RantanenT.HeikkinenE. (2000). Mobility difficulties and physical activity as predictors of mortality and loss of independence in the community-living older population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48, 493-498.
12.
IezzoniL. I.McCarthyE. P.DavisR. B.SiebensH. (2000). Mobility problems and perceptions of disability by self-respondents and proxy respondents. Medical Care, 38, 1051-1057.
13.
KimM. J.AhnY.ChonC.BowenP.KhanS. (2005). Health disparities in lifestyle choices among hypertensive Korean Americans, non-Hispanic Whites, and Blacks. Biological Research for Nursing, 7, 67-74.
14.
KimM. J.ChoH. I.Cheon-KlessigY. S.GeraceL. M.CamilleriD. D. (2002). Primary health care for Korean immigrants: Sustaining a culturally sensitive model. Public Health Nursing, 19, 191-200.
15.
LiF.HarmerP.McAuleyE.DuncanT. E.DuncanS. C.ChaumetonN.. . .FisherJ. (2001). An evaluation of the effects of Tai Chi exercise on physical function among older persons: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 139-146.
16.
The LIFE Study Investigators. (2006). Effects of a physical activity intervention on measures of physical performance: Results of the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot (LIFE-P) study. Journal of Gerontology, 61A, 1157-1165.
17.
LimK.Kayser-JonesJ. S.WatersC. (2007). Aging, health, and physical activity in Korean Americans. Geriatric Nursing, 28, 112-119.
18.
LimK.WatersC. M.FroelicherE. S.Kayser-JonesJ. S. (2008). Conceptualizing physical activity behavior of older Korean-Americans: An integration of Korean culture and social cognitive theory. Nursing Outlook, 56, 322-329.
19.
LindbergN. M.StevensV. J.Vega-LopezS.KauffmanT. L.CalderonM. R.CervantesM. A. (2012). A weight loss intervention program designed for Mexican-American women: Cultural adaptations and results. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 14, 1030-1039.
20.
MarcusB. H.DubbertP. M.ForsythL. H.McKenzineT. L.StoneE. J.DunnA. L.. . .BlairS. (2000). Physical activity behavior change: Issues in adoption and maintenance. Health Psychology, 19(1 Suppl.), 32-41.
21.
NelsonM. E.RejeskiW. J.BlairS. N.DuncanP. W.JudgeJ. O.KingA. C.. . . Castaneda-SceppaC. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39, 1435-1445.
22.
NetuveliG.WigginsR. D.HildonZ.MontgomeryS. M.BlaneD. (2006). Quality of life at older ages: Evidence from the England longitudinal study of aging (Wave 1). Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60, 357-363.
23.
OstirG.VolpatoS.FriedL.ChavesP.GuralnikJ. (2002). Reliability and sensitivity to change assessed for a summary measure of lower body function: Results from the Women’s Health and Aging Study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55, 916-921.
24.
ParkJ. H.KwonY. C. (1990). Modification of the Mini-Mental State Examination for use in the elderly in non-western society. Part I: Development of Korean version of Mini Mental State Examination. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 381-387.
25.
PintoB. M.FriersonG. M.RabinC.TrunzoJ. J.MarcusB. H. (2005). Home-based physical activity intervention for breast cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23, 3577-3587.
26.
ResnickB.JenkinsL. S. (2000). Testing the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale. Nursing Research, 49, 154-159.
27.
RubensteinL. Z.JosephsonK. R.TruebloodP. R.LoyS.HarkerJ. O.PietruszkaF. M.. . .RobbinsA. S. (2000). Effects of a group exercise program on strength, mobility, and falls among fall-prone elderly men. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences, 55, 317-321.
28.
SallisJ. F.GrossmanR. M.PinskiR. B.PattersonT. L.NaderP. R. (1987). The development of scales to measure social support for diet and exercise behaviors. Preventive Medicine, 16, 825-836.
29.
Shumway-CookA.CiolM. A.YorkstonK. M.HoffmanJ. M.ChanL. (2005). Mobility limitations in the Medicare population: Prevalence and sociodemographic and clinical correlates. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 1217-1221.
30.
SidaniS.BradenC. J. (1998). Evaluating nursing intervention: A theory-driven approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31.
SimonsR.AndelR. (2006). The effects of resistance training and walking on functional fitness in advanced old age. Journal of Aging and Health, 18, 91-105.
32.
SinM.LoGerfoJ.BelzaB.CunninghamS. (2004). Factors influencing exercise participation and quality of life among elderly Korean Americans. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 11, 139-145.
33.
SohngK. Y.LeeS. Y. (2000). A survey on perceived health status and health promoting lifestyle patterns between Korean elderly and Korean-American elderly. Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamental Nursing, 7, 401-414.
34.
SohngK. Y.SohngS.YeomH. (2002). Health-promoting behaviors of elderly Korean immigrants in the United States. Public Health Nursing, 19, 294-300.
35.
ThomasS.ReadingJ.ShephardR. J. (1992). Revision of the Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 17, 338-345.
36.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Census Bureau projects doubling of nations population by 2100. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/2010census/
37.
von BonsdorffM.RantanenT.LaukkanenP.SuutamaT.HeikkinenE. (2006). Mobility limitations and cognitive deficits as predictors of institutionalization among community-dwelling older people. Gerontology, 52, 359-365.
38.
WhittemoreR. (2007). Culturally competent interventions for Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes: A systemic review. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18, 157-166.
39.
WildD.GroveA.MartinM.EremencoS.McElroyS.Verjee-LorenzA.. . . EriksonP. (2005). Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) measures: Report of the ISPOR task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Value in Health, 8, 94-104.
40.
WoodR. H.ReyesR.WelschM. A.Favaloro-SabatierJ.SabatierM.Matthew LeeC.. . . HooperP. F. (2001). Concurrent cardiovascular and resistance training in healthy older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33, 1751-1758.
41.
YangK.LaffreyS. C.StuifbergenA.ImE. O.MayK.KouzekananiK. (2007). Leisure-time physical activity among midlife Korean immigrant women in the US. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 9, 291-298.
42.
YeomH.FleuryJ. (2011). Validity and reliability of the Index of Self-Regulation Scale for Physical Activity in older Korean Americans. Nursing Research and Practice, Article ID 329534.
43.
YeomH.FleuryJ.BelyeaM.ChoiM. (2011). Psychometric evaluation of the Index of Self-Regulation. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 33, 268-285.
44.
YeomH.FleuryJ.KellerC. (2008). Risk factors for mobility limitation in community-dwelling older adult: A social ecological perspective. Geriatric Nursing, 29, 133-140.
45.
YeomH.KellerC.FleuryJ. (2009). Interventions for promoting mobility in community-dwelling older adults. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 21, 95-100.
