This paper involves a critical survey of the major representative views of sport highlighting in what ways freedom is defined or addressed. The first, traditional account regards sport as essentially an extension of play, while the second, contemporary account regards sport as a extension of alienated capitalist labour. Underlying these accounts of sport are distinct political ideologies that, when fully uncovered, reveal basic differences in how freedom in sport is examined and understood.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Beamish, Rob.1982. "Sport and the Logic of Capitalism." Pp. 141-197 in H. Cantelon and R. Gruneau (eds.), Sport, Culture, and the Modern State , Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2.
Brohm, Jean-Marie.1978. Sport: A Prison of Measured Time. Translated by Ian Fraser. London: Inks Links Ltd.
3.
Gorman, Robert.1982. Neo-Marxism: The Meanings of Modern Radicalism. Westport, CTGreenwood Press.
4.
Gruneau, Richard.1983. Class, Sports, and Social Development. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press.
5.
Gruneau, Richard.1982. "Sport and the Debate on the State." Pp. 1-38 in H. Cantelon and R. Gruneau (eds.), Sport, Culture, and the Modern State . Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
6.
Guttmann, Allen.1978. From Ritual to Record: The Nature of Modern Sports. New York: Columbia University Press.
7.
Hemphill, Dennis A.1990. Sport and Social Freedom. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation , University of Tennessee.
8.
Hoberman, John.1972. "Sport and Political Ideology." Journal of Sport and Social Issues, I (Summer/Fall): 80-114.
9.
Huizinga, Johan.1955. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture. Boston: The Beacon Press.
10.
Ingham, Alan.1982. "Sport, hegemony and the logic of capitalism: Response to Hargreaves and Beamish." Pp. 198-208 in H. Cantelon and R. Gruneau (eds.), Sport, Culture, and the Modern State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
11.
Marx, Karl.1983a. Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. In Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Selected Works. (Volume One). Moscow: Progress Publishers.
12.
_ 1983b. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. In Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Selected Works. (Volume One). Moscow : Progress Publishers.
13.
Novak, Michael.1976. The Joy of Sports. New York: Basic Books.
14.
Rigauer, Bero.1982. Sport and Work. Translated by Allen Guttmann. New York: Columbia University Press.
15.
Schmitz, Joseph.1988. "Play and Sport: Suspension of the Ordinary." Pp. 29-38 in W.J. Morgan and K.V. Meier (eds.), Philosophic Inquiry in Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.
16.
Suits, Bernard.1988. "The Elements of Sport." Pp. 39-48 in W.J. Morgan and K.V. Meier (eds.), Philosophic Inquiry in Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.
