Eighteen-mo feeding trials of rainbow trout were used to test the carcinogenicity of 5 chemicals in this species. A single exposure level was used for each substance. The doses and chemicals tested were 1,556 ppm 2,6-dimethylnltrosomorpholine (DMNM), 500 ppm N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 2,000 ppm 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE), 2,000 ppm 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE), and 200 ppm cyclophosphamide (CP). Liver and/or glandular stomach neoplasms were produced by DMNM (liver and stomach), MNNG (stomach), and DBE (chiefly, stomach tumors). In addition, DMNM produced a low incidence of swimbladder papillomas and caused testicular atrophy in 50% of treated males. DCE and CP produced no neoplasms at the exposure levels used. No evidence of other chronic toxicity was seen for any of the 5 compounds.
Agresti A. (1990). Categorical Data Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 558 pp.
2.
Chen HHC , Brittelli MR, and Muska CF (1985). Two cases of lymphosarcoma in channel catfish exposed to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 74: 933-939.
Druckrey H., Preussman R., Ivankovic S., So BT, Schmidt CH, and Bucheler J. (1966). Zur Erzeugung subcutaner sarkome an ratten. Carcinogene wirkung von hydrazodicarbonsaure-bis-(methyl-nitrosamid), N-nitroso-N-n-butylharnstoff, N-methyl-N-nitrosonitroguanidin und N-nitroso-imidazolidon. Z. Krebsforsch. 68: 87-102.
5.
Fong AT, Dashwood RH, Cheng R., Mathews C., Ford B., Hendricks JD, and Bailey GS (1993). Carcinogenicity, metabolism and Ki-ras proto-oncogene activation by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in rainbow trout embryos. Carcinogenesis14: 629-635.
6.
Hendricks JD (1982). Chemical carcinogenesis in fish. In: Aquatic Toxicology, LJ Weber (ed). Raven Press, New York, pp. 149-213.
7.
Hendricks JD , Cheng R., Shelton DW, Pereira CB, and Bailey GS (1994). Dose-dependent carcinogenicity and frequent Ki-ras proto-oncogene activation by dietary N-nitrosodiethylamine in rainbow trout. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 23: 53-62.
8.
Hendricks JD , Meyers TR, and Shelton DW (1984). Histologic progression of hepatic neoplasia in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) . Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 65: 321-336.
9.
Hendricks JD , Scanlan RA, Williams JL, Sinnhuber RO, and Grieco MP (1980). The carcinogenicity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to the livers and kidneys of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed as embryos. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 64: 1511-1519.
10.
Hyodo-Taguchi Y. and Matsudaira H. (1984). Induction of transplantable melanoma by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in an inbred strain of the teleost Oryzias latipes. J. Natl. Cancer Inst . 73: 1219-1227.
11.
Kimura I., Kitaori A., Yoshizaki K., Tayama K., Ito M., and Yamada S. (1981). Development of tumors in rainbow trout following embryonic exposure to N-nitroso compounds. In: Phyletic Approaches to Cancer, CJ Dawe et al (eds). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo , pp. 241-252.
12.
Lijinsky W. and Taylor HW (1975). Increased carcinogenicity of 2,6-dimethylnitrosomorpholine compared with nitrosomorpholine in rats. Cancer Res. 35: 2123-2125.
13.
Maltoni C., Cotti G., Morisi L., and Chieco P. (1977). Carcinogenicity bioassays of vinylidene chloride: Research plan and early results. Med. Lav. 68: 241-262.
14.
Metcalfe CD and Sonstegard RA (1985). Oil refinery effluents: Evidence of cocarcinogenic activity in the trout embryo microinjection assay . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 75: 1091-1097.
15.
Nakazawa T. , Hamaguchi S., and Kyono-Hamaguchi Y. (1985 ). Histochemistry of liver tumors induced by diethylnitrosamine and differential sex susceptibility to carcinogenesis in Oryzias latipes. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 75: 567-573.
16.
Nunez O., Hendricks JD, Arbogast DN, Fong AT, Lee BC, and Bailey GS (1989). Promotion of aflatoxin B, hepatocarcinogenesis in rainbow trout by 17β-estradiol. Aquat. Toxicol. 15: 289-302.
17.
Nunez O., Hendricks JD, and Duimstra JR (1991). Ultrastructure of hepatocellular neoplasms in aflatoxin B, (AFB1)-initiated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicol. Pathol. 19: 11-23.
18.
Olson WA, Habermann RT, Weisburger EK, Ward JM, and Weisburger JH (1973). Induction of stomach cancer in rats and mice by halogenated aliphatic fumigants. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51: 1993-1995.
19.
Powers MB, Volker RW, Page NP, Weisburger EK, and Kraybill HF (1975). Carcinogenicity of ethylene dibromide (EDB) and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) after oral administration in rats and mice . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 33: 171-172.
20.
Quast JF, McKenna MJ, Rampy LW, and Norris JM (1986). Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study on inhaled vinylidene chloride in rats. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 6:105-144.
21.
Rampy LW, Quast JF, Humiston CG, Balmer MF, and Schwetz BA (1977). Interim results of two-year toxicological studies in rats of vinylidene chloride incorporated in the drinking water or administered by repeated inhalation. Environ. Health Perspect. 21: 33-43.
22.
Rao MS, Scarpelli DG, and Lijinsky W. (1980). N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine-induced hemangiosarcomas in the livers of random bred guinea pigs. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.64: 529-532.
23.
Reznik G., Mohr U., and Lijinsky W. (1978). Carcinogenic effect of N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in Syrian golden hamsters. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.60: 371-378.
24.
SAS Institute Inc. (1988 ). SASlSTAT User's Guide, Release 6.03. Cary, North Carolina .
25.
Schmahl D. and Habs M. (1979). Carcinogenic action of low-dose cyclophosphamide given orally to Sprague-Dawley rats in a lifetime experiment. Int. J. Cancer23: 706-712.
26.
Schoental R. (1966). Carcinogenic activity of N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine. Nature ( London) 209: 726-727.
27.
Sinnhuber RO , Hendricks JD, Wales JH and Putnam GB (1977). Neoplasms in rainbow trout. a sensitive animal model for environmental carcinogenesis . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 298: 389-408.
28.
Steel RGD and Torrie JH (1980). Principles and Procedures of Statistics, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. 633 pp.
29.
Sugimura T. , Nagao M., and Okada Y. (1966). Carcinogenic action of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Nature ( London) 210: 962-963.
30.
Van Duuren BL, Goldschmidt BM, Loewengart G., Smith AC, Melchlonne S., Seldman I., and Roth D. (1979). Carcinogenicity of halogenated olefinic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in mice . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 63: 1433-1439.
31.
Viola PL and Caputo A. (1977). Carcinogenicity studies on vinylidene chloride . Environ. Health Perspect. 21:45-47.
32.
Wales JH, Sinnhuber RO, Hendricks JD, Nixon JE, and Eisele TA (1978). Aflatoxin B1 induction of hepatocellular carcinoma in the embryos of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 60: 1133-1139.
