Investigating the Psychometric Properties of the Arabic Version of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale IV (FACES IV) in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale IV (FACES IV) has been widely used to assess family functioning and to implement family therapeutic interventions. Cross-cultural adaptation is needed given the high sensitivity of family norms with culture. This study investigates the psychometric properties of the FACES IV in the context of Saudi culture. The sample consisted of 369 participants (270 females and 99 males) aged between 13 and 70. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis supported the FACES IV model, after some adjustments. The findings indicated that FACES IV was a reliable and valid measure that can be used in the context of Saudi Arabia. The study showed some particularities with the rigid and enmeshed dimensions and concurred with previous validation studies in suggesting that these dimensions must be investigated further with respect to different cultures.

Keywords

family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scale IV validity reliability balanced cohesion balanced flexibility family functioning Saudi Arabia

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Baiocco

Cacioppo

Laghi

Tafà

(2013). Factorial and construct validity of FACES IV among Italian adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(7), 962-970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9658-1

Barber

B. K.

Buehler

(1996). Family cohesion and enmeshment: Different constructs, different effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(2), 433-441. https://doi.org/10.2307/353507

Beavers

W. R.

Hampson

R. B.

Hulgus

Y. F.

(1985). Commentary: The beavers systems approach to family assessment. Family Process, 24(3), 398-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.00398.x

Brown

T. A.

(2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Craddock

A. E.

(2001). Family system and family functioning: Circumplex model and FACES IV. Journal of Family Studies, 7(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.7.1.29

Epskamp

(2015). semPlot: Unified visualizations of structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 22(3), 474-483. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.937847

Flick

(Ed.), (2018). The SAGE handbook of qualitative data collection. Washington: SAGE Publications.

Fornell

Larcker

D. F.

(1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.

Franklin

Streeter

C. L.

(1993). Validity of the 3-D circumplex model for family assessment. Research on Social Work Practice, 3(3), 258-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973159300300302

10.

Franklin

Streeter

C. L.

Springer

D. W.

(2001). Validity of the FACES IV family assessment measure. Research on Social Work Practice, 11(5), 576-596. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973150101100503

11.

Gomes

H. M. S.

Peixoto

Gouveia-Pereira

(2017). Portuguese validation of the family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scale – FACES IV. Journal of Family Studies, 25(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2017.1386121

12.

Green

R. G.

Harris

R. N.

Forte

J. A.

Robinson

(1991). Evaluating FACES III and the circumplex model: 2,440 families. Family Process, 30(1), 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00055.x

13.

Green

R. G.

Kolevzon

M. S.

Vosler

N. R.

(1985). The beavers-timberlawn model of family competence and the circumplex model of family adaptability and cohesion: Separate, but equal? Family Process, 24(3), 385-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.00385.x

14.

Hair

J. F.

Black

W. C. J.

Babin

Anderson

E.R.

(2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). London, UK: Pearson Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.019

15.

Hassim

S. R.

Arifin

W. N.

Kueh

Y. C.

Yaacob

N. A.

(2020). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Malay version of the smartphone addiction scale among medical students in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113820

16.

Hetherington

E. M.

(1999). Chapter I. Family functioning and the adjustment of adolescent siblings in diverse types of families. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64(4), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5834.00045

17.

L. t.

Bentler

P. M.

(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

18.

Jin

(2015). Family cohesion and child functioning among South Korean immigrants in the US: The mediating role of Korean parent-child closeness and the moderating role of acculturation. [Doctoral Dissertation. Syracuse University. Dissertations - ALL. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/216/?utm_source=surface.syr.edu%2Fetd%2F216&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages.

19.

Koutra

Triliva

Roumeliotaki

Lionis

Vgontzas

A. N.

(2013). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Greek version of the family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scales IV package (FACES IV package). Journal of Family Issues, 34(12), 1647-1672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12462818

20.

Loriedo

Di Nuovo

Visani

(2013). FACES-IV: Italian reliabilty and validity in an adult Italian sample. Minneapolis, MN: Life Innovations.

21.

Mansfield

A. K.

Dealy

J. A.

Keitner

G. I.

(2013). Family Functioning and Income. The Family Journal, 21(3), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480713476836

22.

Manzi

Vignoles

V. L.

Regalia

Scabini

(2006). Cohesion and enmeshment revisited: Differentiation, identity, and well-being in two European cultures. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(3), 673-689. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00282.x

23.

Margasinski

(2015). Polish adaptation of FACES IV-SOR. Polish Journal of Applied Psychology, 13(1), 43-66.

24.

Markus

H. R.

Cross

Fiske

Gilligan

Givon

Kanagawa

Miller

(2020). Culture and self. Handbook of Cultural Sociology, 98(2), 247-256. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203891377-32

25.

Marsac

M. L.

Alderfer

M. A.

(2011). Psychometric properties of the FACES-IV in a pediatric oncology population. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 36(5), 528-538. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsq003

26.

Martínez-Pampliega

Merino

Iriarte

Olson

(2017). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scale IV. Psicothema, 29(3), 414-420. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.21

27.

Matsumoto

(1991). Cultural influences on facial expressions of emotion. Southern Communication Journal, 56(2), 128-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949109372824

28.

Mirnics

Vargha

Tóth

Bagdy

(2010). Cross-cultural applicability of FACES IV. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 21(1), 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/08975351003618577

29.

Olson

D. H.

(2000). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 144-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00144

30.

Olson

(2011). FACES IV and the circumplex model: Validation study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37(1), 64-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00175.x

31.

Olson

D. H.

Gorall

D. M.

(2006). FACES IV & the Circumplex model. Retrieved from https://societyofpediatricpsychology.org/sites/default/files/files/3_innovations.pdf.

32.

Olson

Gorall

Tiesel

(2006). FACES IV package: Administration manual. USA: Life Innovations, Inc.

33.

Olson

D. H.

Russell

C. S.

Sprenkle

D. H.

(1983). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: Vl. Theoretical update. Family Process, 22(1), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1983.00069.x

34.

Olson

D. H.

Sprenkle

D. H.

Russell

C. S.

(1979). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: I. Cohesion and adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Family Process, 18(1), 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1979.00003.x

35.

Pereira

M. G.

Teixeira

(2013). Portuguese validation of FACES-IV in adult children caregivers facing parental cancer. Contemporary Family Therapy, 35(3), 478-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-012-9216-4

36.

Perosa

L. M.

Perosa

S. L.

(2001). Adolescent perceptions of cohesion, adaptability, and communication: Revisiting the circumplex model. The Family Journal, 9(4), 407-419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480701094008

37.

Rivero

Martínez-Pampliega

Olson

D. H.

(2010). Spanish adaptation of the FACES IV questionnaire: Psychometric characteristics. The Family Journal, 18(3), 288-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480710372084

38.

Rodick

J. D.

Henggeler

S. W.

Hanson

C. L.

(1986). An evaluation of the family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scales and the circumplex model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14(1), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00917223

39.

Rosseel

(2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. Retrieved from https://www.jstatsoft.org/v48/i02/paper https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02.

40.

Sigafoos

Reiss

Rich

Douglas

(1985). Pragmatics in the measurement of family functioning: An interpretive framework for methodology. Family Process, 24(2), 189-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.00189.x

41.

Thomas

Lewis

R. A.

(1999). Observational couple assessment: a cross‐model comparison. Journal of Family Therapy, 21(1), 78-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00105

42.

Thomas

Olson

D. H.

(1993). Problem families and the circumplex model: Observational assessment using the clinical rating scale (CRS). Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 19(2), 159-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1993.tb00975.x

43.

Türkdoğan

Duru

Balkıs

(2018). Turkish adaptation of the family adaptability and cohesion scale IV. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 5(4), 631-644. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.409110

44.

Zagrean

Russo

Di Fabio

Danioni

Barni

(2020). Forgiveness and family functioning among young adults from divorced and married families. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 61(8), 543-555. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2020.1799307

45.

Zimet

G. D.

Dahlem

N. W.

Zimet

S. G.

Gordon

Farley

G. K.

(2010). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2