What role have states played in promoting human rights education? While nongovernmental organizations have been at the forefront of human rights education, scholars have neglected the increased activism of states, especially national human rights commissions. This article addresses this gap by sketching the relationship between states and human rights education, examining cross-regional trends and presenting a case study of South Africa’s Human Rights Commission. The article concludes by considering the critical gap between state promotion and implementation of human rights education, as well as the limits of state involvement in constructing a culture of human rights.
Addo, Michael K. (2000). “Implementation by African States of the Plan of Action for the United Nations Decade for Human Rights,”Journal of African Law44(1): 96-109 .
2.
Adler, Emanuel (2002). “Constructivism in International Relations: Sources, Contributions, Debates, and Future Directions,” in Walter Carlsnaes , Thomas Risse and Beth A. Simmons (eds), Handbook of International Relations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications .
3.
Africa News Service (2000). “SAHRC is Limited by Ambivalent Relationship with Government.” October 19.
4.
Africa News Service (2001). “Human Rights Foundation for All Else: SAHRC.” November 28.
5.
Africa News Service (2002). “South Africa: Kollapen Selected to Head Human Rights Body.” October 4.
6.
Andreopoulos, George and Claude, Richard Pierre , eds (1997). Human Rights Education for the Twenty-First Century: Conceptual and Practical Challenges. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania .
7.
Arat, Zehra (1991). Democracy and Human Rights in Developing Countries. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner .
8.
ARRC (Asian Regional Center for Human Rights Education) (2003). Making a Difference: A Compilation of Human Rights Education Success Stories. Bangkok: ARRC .
9.
Baxi, Upendra (n.d.). “Human Rights Education: The Promise of the Third Millennium,” URL: http://www.pdhre.org/dialogue/third_millenium.html.
10.
Baxi, Upendra (1996). “Random Reflections on the (Im)Possibility of Human Rights Education,” URL: http://www.pdhre.org/dialogue/reflections.html.
11.
Beetham, David (1999). Democracy and Human Rights. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers .
12.
Brysk, Alison (1993). “From Above and Below: Social Movements, the International System and Human Rights in Argentina,”Comparative Political Studies26: 259-285 .
13.
Business Day (South Africa) (2002). “South Africa: Commission Should Be More Accessible.” October 1.
14.
Cardenas, Sonia (2002). “National Human Rights Commissions in Asia,”Human Rights Review4: 30-51 .
15.
Cardenas, Sonia (2003a). “Emerging Global Actors: The United Nations and National Human Rights Institutions,”Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations9: 23-42 .
16.
Cardenas, Sonia (2003b). “Trans-Governmental Activism: Canada’s Role in Promoting National Human Rights Commissions,”Human Rights Quarterly, August: 775-790 .
17.
Cardenas, Sonia (2004). “Norm Collision: Explaining International Human Rights Influence,”International Studies Review6: 213-231 .
18.
Cingranelli, David L. and Richards, David L. (2001). “Measuring the Impact of Human Rights Organizations,” in Claude E. Welch, Jr (ed.), Non-Governmental Organizations and Human Rights: Promise and Performance. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press .
19.
Claude, Richard Pierre (1996). Educating for Human Rights: The Philippines and Beyond. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press .
20.
Coleman, James (1965). Education and Political Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
21.
Cuellar, Roberto , ed. (2000). Experiencias de educación en derechos humanos en América Latina. Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos .
22.
Das, Dilip K. and Verma, Arvind (2002). “Teaching Police Officers Human Rights,”International Journal of Human Rights, summer: 35-48 .
23.
Davenport, Christian and Armstrong, David A. (2004). “Democracy and the Violation of Human Rights: A Statistical Analysis from 1976 to 1996,”American Journal of Political Science, July: 538-554 .
24.
Dewey, John (1916). Democracy and Education. New York: Macmillan .
25.
Georgi, Viola B . and Seberich, Michael , eds (2004). International Perspectives in Human Rights Education. Germany: Bertelsmann Foundation Publishers .
26.
Gould, Carol C. (2004). Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
Hines, Paul D. and Wood, Leslie (1969). A Guide to Human Rights Education. Washington, DC: National Council for Social Studies .
29.
Hodgson, Douglas (1996). “The International Human Right to Education and Education Concerning Human Rights,”International Journal of Children’s Rights4(3): 237-262 .
30.
Hossain, Kamelet al. , eds (2001). Human Rights Commissions and Ombudsman Offices: National Experiences throughout the World. Kluwer Publishers .
31.
HREA (Human Rights Education Associates) (2005). URL: http://www.hrea.org.
32.
Human Rights Watch (2001). Protectors or Pretenders? Government Human Rights Commissions in Africa. URL: http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/africa. New York: Human Rights Watch .
33.
ICHRP (International Council on Human Rights Policy) (2000). Performance and Legitimacy: National Human Rights Institutions. Switzerland: ICHRP .
34.
IIDH (Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos) (2000). Veinte años del IIDH: Dimensión política de la educación en derechos humanos, 1980-2000. Costa Rica: IIDH.
35.
Ikenberry, G. John and Kupchan, Charles A. (1990). “Socialization and Hegemonic Power,”International Organization44: 283-315 .
36.
Jacobsen, Anette Faye (1999). Human Rights Education in a European Perspective. Denmark: Danish Centre for Human Rights .
37.
Kamens, D.H. (1988). “Education and Democracy: A Comparative and Institutional Analysis,”Sociology of Education61: 114-127 .
38.
Keck, Margaret and Sikkink, Kathryn (1997). Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press .
39.
Kiwanuka, Richard N. (1987). “Some Reflections on the Problems of Human Rights Education in Africa,”Nomos20(1): 81-97 .
40.
Kruss, Glenda (2001). “Towards Human Rights in South Africa Schools: An Agenda for Research and Practice,”Race, Ethnicity, and Education1: 45-62 .
41.
Lenhart, Volker and Savolainen, Kaisa, eds (2002). “Human Rights: Education for What?”International Review of Education48: 145-300 .
42.
Lohrenscheit, Claudia (2002). “International Approaches to Human Rights Education,”International Review of Education, July: 173-185 .
43.
Majodine, Zonke (2002). “Shaping a Society Based on a Human Rights Culture,”Sunday Times (South Africa). October 20.
44.
Martin, J. Paul (1987). “A Plea for Human Rights Education in Africa,”Human Rights Quarterly9(3): 414-422 .
45.
Martin, J. Paul (2000). The Design and Evaluation of Human Rights Education Projects. New York: Center for the Study of Human Rights, Columbia University .
46.
Matlou, Jubie (2002). “HRC Shifts Focus under New Leadership,”Mail and Guardian (South Africa). October 11.
47.
Meyer, John W. , Boli, John , Thomas, George M. and Ramirez, Francisco O. (1997). “World Society and the Nation-State,”American Journal of Sociology103: 144-181 .
48.
Meyer, John W. , Ramirez, Francisco O. , Rubinson, Richard and Boli-Bennett, John (1979). “The World Educational Revolution, 1950-70,” in John W. Meyer and Michael T. Hannan (eds), National Development and the World System. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press .
49.
Moravcsik, Andrew (2000). “The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in Postwar Europe,”International Organization54: 217-252 .
50.
NHRIF (National Human Rights Institutions Forum) (2005). URL: http://www.nhri.net.
51.
Ramirez, Francisco O. and Rubinson, Richard (1979). “Creating Members: The Political Incorporation and Expansion of Public Education,” in John W. Meyer and Michael T. Hannan (eds), National Development and the World System: Educational, Economic, and Political Change, 1950-1970. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press .
52.
Reif, Linda (2000). “Building Democratic Institutions: The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in Good Governance and Human Rights Protection,”Harvard Human Rights Journal13: 1-69 .
53.
Risse, Thomas (2002). “Constructivism and International Institutions: Toward Conversations Across Paradigms,” in Ira Katznelson and Helen Milner (eds), Political Science: State of the Discipline. New York: Norton .
54.
Rosemann, Nils (2003). “Human Rights Education - Towards the End of the UN Decade,”Nordic Journal of Human Rights, fall. URL: http://www.hrea.org/erc/Library/rosemann03.pdf.
55.
SAHRC (South African Human Rights Commission) (1997). The Right to Education, Policy Paper, No.2. Johannesburg: SAHRC .
56.
SAHRC (1999a). Annual Report December 1998-December 1999. Johannesburg: SAHRC .
57.
SAHRC (1999b). Racism, “Racial Integration” and Desegregation in South African Public Secondary Schools. Johannesburg: SAHRC .
58.
SAHRC (2001). Report into Initiation Practices at Educational Institutions and a Preliminary Report on Cultural Initiations. Johannesburg: SAHRC .
59.
SAHRC (2003). Human Rights and Inclusivity in the Curriculum. Prepared by Sherri Le Mottee with the assistance of André Keet. Johannesburg: SAHRC .
60.
SAHRC (2005). URL: http://www.sahrc.org.za.
61.
Sarkin, Jeremy (1998). “The Development of a Human Rights Culture in South Africa,”Human Rights Quarterly20: 628-665 .
62.
Schmitz, Hans Peter and Sikkink, Kathryn (2002). “International Human Rights,” in Walter Carlsnaes , Thomas Risse and Beth A. Simmons (eds), Handbook of International Relations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications .
63.
Snauwaert, Dale T. (1993). Democracy, Education and Governance: A Developmental Conception. Albany, NY: SUNY Press .
64.
South African Press Association (2002). “Money Hard to Find for Human Rights.” September 30.
65.
tone, Adam (2002). “Human Rights Education and Public Policy in the United States: Mapping the Road Ahead,”Human Rights Quarterly24(2): 537-557 .
66.
Strang, David and Meyer, John W. (1993). “Institutional Conditions for Diffusion,”Theory and Society22: 487-511 .
67.
Tibbitts, Felisa (2002). “Understanding What We Do: Emerging Models for Human Rights Education,”International Review of Education48: 159-171 .
68.
UNGA (United Nations General Assembly) (1997). United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education (1995-2004) and Public Information Activities in the Field of Human Rights. Report of the Secretary General, Addendum, A/52/469/Add.1, October 20.
69.
UNGA (2000). United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education (1995-2004), A/55/360, September 7.
70.
UNHCHR (United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights) (2003). Summary of National Initiatives Undertaken Within the Decade for Human Rights Education (1995-2004). URL: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/1/initiatives.htm.
UNHCHR (2005b). Database on Human Rights Education. URL: http://www.unhchr.ch/hredu.nsf.
73.
United Nations (1997). “Expert Meeting on Guidelines for National Plan of Action for Human Rights Education,” January 27-30. URL: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/1/edudec.htm%23news.
74.
Yacoobi, Sakena (2004). “The Afghan Institute of Learning: Bringing Human Rights Education to Afghan Women,”Human Rights Education in Asian Schools7: 3-9 .
