One of the most difficult and dangerous issues in Nigeria is corruption. Corruption is so common in Nigeria that there can hardly be any new perspective and approach to it. In fact, corruption is so pervasive in the country that it would be nearly correct to opine that it is a way of life. To this extent, everyone in Nigeria, whether educated or otherwise, knows something about corruption, can cite cases and can attempt some level of analysis. Generally, abundant literature exists on the subject of corruption across the world, especially on the developing countries and on Nigeria particularly. This abundant literature and common perspectives while presenting analytical opportunities, however, also present a challenge. As numerous as the literature, common knowledge and perspectives are, corruption remains high, prevalent, popular, problematic, growing, and still insufficiently understood in corruption infested nations, such as, Nigeria. This thus necessitates fresh and current interrogations of the problematic. It is against this background that this article examined the existing perspectives and offered current interrogations of the contours of corruption in Nigeria. This is to further expand the bourgeoning body of knowledge on the subject matter and offer original and current yet uncovered trajectories of corruption in Nigeria.
AdebanwiW., & ObadareE. (2011). When corruption fights back: Democracy and elite interest in Nigeria’s anti-corruption war. Journal of Modern African Studies, 49(2), 185–213.
2.
AgbuO. (2003). Corruption and human trafficking: The Nigerian case. West Africa Review, 4(1), 1–13.
3.
AgeseP.O. (1990). The Impending demise of Nigeria’s forthcoming third republic. Africa Today, 37(3), 23–44.
4.
AhmadE., UllahM.A., & ArfeenM.I. (2012). Does corruption affect economic growth?American Journal of Economics, 49(2), 277–305.
5.
AhunwanB. (2002). Corporate governance in Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, 37(3), 269–287.
6.
AkanleO. (2009). Caught in the morass: Road map for civil society organisations in “Democratic” Nigeria. In OlutayoO.A., OgundiyaI.A., & AmzatJ. (Eds), State and civil society relations in Nigeria (pp. 221–239). Nigeria: Hope Publications Limited.
7.
AkanleO. (2010). Case analysis of office of the public defender (OPD) clients: 2000–2010. In OwasanoyeB. & AtsenuwaB. (Eds), Public defence in a developing country: Looking behind and beyond (pp. 52–61). Nigeria: Nigeria Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (NIALS).
8.
AkanleO. (2013). The development exceptionality of Nigeria: The context of political and social currents. Africa Today, 59(3), 31–48.
9.
AkanleO., & OlutayoA.O. (2012). Ethnography of Kinship Constructions among International Returnees in Nigeria: Proverbs as the horses of words. Journal of Anthropological Research, 68(2), 249–272.
10.
AkanleO., & OwasanoyeB. (2013). A sociological and legal analysis of access to justice and development interface in Nigeria. Unilag Sociological Review, X, 88–117.
11.
AkanleO., AdebayoK., & OlorunlanaA. (2014). Fuel subsidy in Nigeria: Contexts of governance and social protest. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 34(1/2), 88–106.
12.
AkeC. (1993). The unique case of African democracy. International Affairs, 62(2), 240–242.
13.
AkeC. (2000). The Feasibility of Democracy in Africa. Wiltshire: Antony Rowe Ltd. Akinnaso, N. (2014, April 15). The semiotics of political corruption in Nigeria. The Punch Newspaper, p. 62. Lagos: Nigeria.
14.
AkinpeluY.A., OgundeyeT.O., BadaO.T., & AgbeyangiB.A. (2013). The socio-economic deteminants of corruption in Nigeria. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 19(1), 923–938.
15.
AkinsolaE.F. (2006). Corruption and good governance in Nigeria: Developmental perspective in Nigeria. In OyekanmiF.A.D. & SoyomboO. (Eds), Society and governance: The quest for legitimacy in Nigeria (pp. 330–344). Lagos: Irede Printers Ltd.
16.
AlamM.S. (1989). Anatomy of corruption: An approach to the political economy of underdevelopment. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 48(4), 441–456.
17.
AmaoO., & AmaeshiK. (2008). Galvanising shareholder activism: A prerequisite for effective corporate governance and accountability in Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(1), 119–130.
18.
AmundsenI. (1997). In search of a counter-hegemony: State and civil society in the struggle for democracy in Africa. Unpublished Thesis from Institute of Political Science, University of Tromso, Ann Arbor.
19.
ApterD.E. (1963). Ghana in transition. New York: Antheneum.
20.
ArbourL. (2006). Using human rights to reduce poverty. Development Outreach, 8(2), 5–7.
21.
AshiruD. (2009). The judiciary and the democratization process in Nigeria. In OgundiyaI.A., OlutayoO.A., & AmzatJ. (Eds), A decade of redemocratisation in Nigeria (1999–2009) (pp. 95–110). Sokoto, Nigeria: Usmanu Dan Fodiyyo University.
22.
AutesserreS. (2012). Dangerous tales: Dominant narratives on the Congo and their unintended consequences. African Affairs, 111/443, 202–222.
23.
BammekeO. (2005). The leadership question, youth and the reproduction of corruption. In OyekanmiF.D. (Ed.), Development crisis and social change (pp. 276–292). Lagos: Irede Printers Ltd.
24.
BardhanP. (1997). Corruption and development: A review of issues. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(3), 1320–1346.
25.
BarnfieldE. (1958). The moral basis of a backward society. Chicago: Free Press.
26.
BayartJ., EllisS., & HibouB. (1997). La criminalisation de l Etat en Afrique. Paris, Editions complexe The criminalisation of the state in Africa. Oxford: James Curry.
27.
BayleyD.H. (1966). The effect of corruption in a developing nation. The Western Political Science Quarterly, 19(4), 719–732.
28.
BrownsbergerW.N. (1983). Development and governmental corruption – Materialism and political fragmentation in Nigeria. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 21(2), 215–233.
29.
BryceJ. (1921). Modern democracies. New York: Macmillan.
30.
ChabalB., & DalozJ.P. (1999). Africa works: Disorder as political instrument. London: James Currey.
31.
ClausenB., KraayA., & NyiriZ. (2011). Corruption and confidence in public institutions: Evidence from a global survey. World Bank Economic Review, 25(2), 212–249.
32.
DiopA., & LeautierF.A. (2007). Democracy: An adaptable system critical for development. Special Report. Development Outreach, 9(3), 2–5.
33.
DreherA., & SchneiderF. (2010). Corruption and the shadow economy: An empirical analysis. Public Chice, 144(1/2), 215–238.
34.
EasterlyW. (2007). The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. Camberwell: Penguin Books.
35.
EkehP.P. (1975). Colonialism and the two publics in Africa: A theoretical statement. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17(1), 91–117.
36.
FriedrichC.J. (1972). The pathology of politics. New York: Harper & Row.
37.
GenovaA., & FalolaT. (2003). Oil in Nigeria: A bibliographical reconnaissance. History in Africa, 30, 133–156. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0361541300003181.
38.
GirlingJ. (1997). Corruption: Capitalism and democracy. London: Routledge.
39.
HeilmanB., & NdumbaroL. (2002). Corruption, politics and societal values in Tanzania: An evaluation of the Mkapa administration’s anti-corruption efforts. African Journal of Political Science, 7(1), 1–19.
40.
HopeK.R., & ChikuloB.C. (1999). Corruption and development in Africa: Lessons from country case-studies. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.
41.
Human Development Report (2013). The rise of the South: Human progress in a diverse world. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
42.
IbrahimM. (2006). Fighting corruption the Celtel way. Development Outreach, 8(2), 31–33.
43.
IgeA., & IgeA. (2006). The imperative of a virile judiciary in democratic governance in Nigeria. In OyekanmiF.A.D. & SoyomboO. (Eds), Society and governance: The quest for legitimacy in Nigeria (pp. 157–176). Lagos: Irede Printers Ltd.
44.
IghoborK. (2014). Africa’s economy grows, but many stomachs are empty. Africa Renewal, Special Edition, 4–5.
45.
JosephR. (1991). Democracy and prebendal politics in Nigeria: The rise and fall of the second republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46.
JosephR. (2003). African states in crisis. Journal of Democracy, 14(3), 159–169.
47.
JosephR. (2008). Challenges of a “frontier” region. Journal of Democracy, 19(2), 94–108.
48.
KaluK.A. (1996). Political economy in Nigeria: The military, ethnic politics and development. International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 10(2), 229–247.
49.
KaufmannD. (2006). Human rights, governance and development. Development Outreach, 8(2), 15–20.
50.
KaufmannD. (2009). Aid effectiveness and governance: The good, the bad and the ugly. Development Outreach, 11(1), 26–29.
51.
KonieG. (2003, July23). National reconciliation. The Post, no. 2471, p. 11.
52.
LabelleH. (2006). Civil society and the private sector: Fighting corruption is good business. Development Outreach, 8(2), 12–14.
53.
LeautierF., PetkoskiD., & JarvisM. (2006). Can private sector action tackle corruption? Special Report. Development Outreach, 8(2), 2–7.
54.
LeeS.H. (2010). Empirical studies on international and East Asian anti-corruption situations: Focusing on the relationships among globalization, democratization and anti-corruption. The Journal of East Asian Affairs, 24(2), 83–115.
55.
LipsetS.M., & LenzG.S. (2000). Corruption, culture and markets. In HarrisonL.E. & SamuelP.H. (Eds), Culture matters (p. 112), New York: Basic Books.
56.
MbakuJ.M. (1996). Bureaucratic corruption in Africa: The futility of cleanups. Cato Journal, 16(1), 99–118.
57.
McFersonH.M. (2009). Governance and hyper-corruption in resource-rich African countries. Third World Quarterly, 30(8), 1529–1547.
58.
MulingeM.M., & LesetediG.N. (1998). Interrogating our past: Colonialism and corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Political Science, 3(2), 15–28.
59.
NnamaniK. (2014, May29). June 12, not May 29, is real democracy day. The Nigerian Tribune.
60.
NwabuzorA. (2005). Corruption and development: New initiatives in economic openness and strengthened rule of law. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(1/2), 121–138.
61.
NyeJ.S. (1967). Corruption and political development: A cost-benefit analysis. The American Political Science Review, 61(2), 417–427.
62.
OgunladeB. (2005). Corruption in public and private bureaucracies and contradiction of underdevelopment. In OyekanmiF.D. (Ed.), Development crisis and social change (pp. 227–247). Lagos: Irede Printers Ltd.
63.
Oliver de SardanJ.P. (1999). A moral economy of corruption in Nigeria. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 37(1), 25–52.
64.
OlojedeD. (2006). The challenge of ethical leadership in Africa. Development Outreach, 8(2), 28–30.
65.
OlutayoM.A.S., & OlutayoA.O. (2009). The publics and democratization in Nigeria. In OgundiyaI.A., OlutayoO.A., & AmzatJ. (Eds), A decade of redemocratisation in Nigeria (1999–2009) (pp. 40–50). Sokoto, Nigeria: Usmanu Dan Fodiyyo University.
66.
OsobaS.O. (1996). Corruption in Nigeria: Historical perspective. Review of African Political Economy, 23(69), 371–386.
67.
PendergastS.M., ClarkeJ.A., & KootenG.C.V. (2011). Corruption, development and the curse of natural resources. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 44(2), 411–437.
68.
PicconeT.J. (2007). Building institutional capacity for democratization. Development Outreach, 9(3), 9–11.
69.
PuriS. (2006). About this issue. Development Outreach, 8(2), i.
70.
Report of the Commission for Africa (2005, March11). Our Common Interest.
71.
RimmerD. (2000). Aid and corruption. African Affairs, 99(394), 121–129.
72.
RotimiE., ObasajuB., LawalA.I., & IseolorunkanmiA. (2013). Analysis of corruption and economic growth in Nigeria. Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4), 1–18.
73.
ScottJ.C. (1969). Corruption, Machine Politics and Political Change. The American Political Science Review, 63(4), 1142–1158.
74.
SenA. (1999). Development as freedom. New York: Anchor Books.
75.
ShwanyN. (2012). Examining the costs and benefits of corruption in developing countries. Retrieved April7, 2014, from http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/7/state6328.htm
76.
SiegelJ. (2007). Overcoming autocratic legacies. Development Outreach, 9(3), 6–8.
