This study examines the challenge of freshwater security faced by Israel, Jordan, and Palestine, and mechanisms for multilateral collaboration that have been developed in order to create a Red Sea–Dead Sea conduit. This article outlines the proposed conduit as a major collaborative project which hinges on the engagement of both state and non-state stakeholders. The argument presented here is that the feasibility and planning process has so far been successful and that the mechanisms for collaboration developed as part of this project are the reason why. Overall conclusions suggest that the importance of freshwater security and the agency of international state and non-state actors are largely responsible for these collaborative successes.
Abu-TalebM. (1994). Regional cooperation in Middle East water resources management. In BouldingBoulding (Ed.), Peace-building in the Middle East: Challenges for states and for civil society (pp. 251–264). London: Lynne Reinner Publishers.
2.
AllanA. (1996). Water, peace and the Middle East: Negotiating resources in the Jordan Basin. London: I.B. Tauris.
3.
AllanT. (2007). The Middle East water question: Hydropolitics and the global economy. London: I.B. Tauris.
4.
Anonymous (1998). Partnerships in development. Tel Aviv: Government of Israel.
5.
Anonymous (2005). Raising the dead: Water and peace. Journal of International Affairs, 59(1), 240–243.
6.
Anonymous (2010, December10). Egypt seeking to grow cereals on African farmland. Middle East Online.
7.
Aquastat (2010). Main country database. Retrieved April1, 2011, from http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en
8.
Article 7 (1994). Treaty of Peace between Israel and Jordan.
9.
AsmarB.ErgenzingerP. (2002). Environmental effects of the Dead Sea–Red Sea canal. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 59(6), 647–664.
10.
BeschonerN. (1992). Water and instability in the Middle East (Adelphi Paper 273).
11.
BeythM. (2007). The Red Sea and the Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal Project. Desalination, (214), 364–370.
12.
CIA World Factbook Country Data (2010). Israel; Jordan; Palestine.
13.
ClevelandW.BuntonM. (2000). A history of the modern Middle East. Oxford: Westview Press.
14.
CoopermanA. (1996, December9). On a scale of 1 to 10, just how dead is it?US News and World Report, 121(23), 59.
15.
Coyne et Bellier and World Bank (2010). Red Sea–Dead Sea water conveyance study update. Amman: Coyne et Bellier.
16.
DouglasE. (2008). Can the Red Sea raise the Dead Sea?’New Scientist, 199(2672), 40–43.
17.
El-AnisI. (2011). Jordan and the United States: The political economy of trade and economic reform in the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris.
18.
El-AshryM.SaabN.ZeitoonB. (Eds). (2010). Water: Sustainable management of a scarce resource. Beirut: Arab Forum for Environment and Development.
19.
Gertner Architects and Urban Planners Ltd (2008). The Peace Valley initiative. Retrieved March28, 2011, from http://www.gertner-arch.com/valley_of_peace.html
20.
GleickP. (1993). Water and conflict: Freshwater resources and international security. International Security, 18(1), 79–112.
21.
HaasE. (1964). Beyond the nation–state: Functionalism and international organisation. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
22.
HaddadinM. (2002). Water in the Middle East process. The Geographical Journal, 168(4), 324–340.
23.
Harza (1997). Jordan rift valley integrated development study: Master plan. Tel Aviv: Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
24.
Homer-DixonT. (1993). Environmental scarcity and global security. New York: Foreign Policy Association.
25.
Homer-DixonT. (1994). Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: Evidence from cases. International Security, 19(1), 3.
26.
Homer-DixonT. (1999). Environment, scarcity, and violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
27.
KardooshM.Al-KhouriR. (2004). Qualifying industrial zones and sustainable development in Jordan. Amman: Jordan Centre for Public Policy and Research.
28.
KibarogluA. (2002). Building a regime for the waters of the Euphrates–Tigris river basin. The Hague: Klewer Law International.
29.
KrasnerS. (Ed.). (1983). International regimes. New York: Cornell University Press.
30.
LipchinC.SandlerD.CushmanE. (Eds). (2010). The Jordan River and Dead Sea Basin: Cooperation amid conflict. London: Springer.
31.
McIntoshA.SayceS.WalkerA. (2004). Building sustainability in the balance: Promoting stakeholders’ dialogue. London: Estates Gazette.
32.
MedziniA.WolfA. (2006). The Euphrates River Watershed: Integration, coordination, or separation. In FingerFingerTamiottiTamiottiAlloucheAllouche (Eds), The multi-governance of water: Four case studies (pp. 103–146). New York: University of New York Press.
33.
MitranyD. (1975). The functional theory of politics. London: Robertson.
34.
MurakamiM.MusiakeK. (1997). Eco-political decision-making and confidence-building measures in the development of international rivers. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 13(3), 403–414.
35.
NamrouqaH. (2010, June14). Experts say Red–Dead concerns can be addressed. Jordan Times.
36.
ObidallahM. (2008). Water and the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. Central European Journal of Security Studies, 2(2), 103–118.
37.
PepperT. (2006). From Red to Dead. Middle East Economic Digest, 50(43), 37–39.
38.
PradhanR. (2008). India, GCC and the global energy regime: Exploring interdependence and outlook for collaboration. New Delhi: Academic Foundations.
39.
SchenkerJ. (2008, May28). A mid-East valley of peace. Businessweek. Retrieved March28, 2011, from http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2008/gb20080528_087810_page_2.htm
40.
TheisenO.M. (2008). Blood and soil? Resource scarcity and internal armed conflict revisited. Journal of Peace Research, 45(5), 801–818.
41.
TroppH.JagerskogA. (2006). Water scarcity challenges in the Middle East and North Africa. Stockholm: Stockholm International Water Institute.
42.
UN (2005). Water for life: 2005–2015. Retrieved April1, 2011, from http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/swm_cities_zaragoza_2010/index.shtml
43.
UN Special Committee on Palestine (1947). Report to the General Assembly. New York: United Nations.
44.
UNDP (2009). Arab human development report 2009: Challenges to human security in the Arab countries. New York: United Nations Publications.
45.
UNFPA (2007). State of the world population: Unleashing the potential of urban growth. New York: United Nations Publications.
46.
VenotJ.MolleF.CourcierR. (2008). Dealing with closed basins: The case of the Lower Jordan River Basin. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 24(2), 247–263.
47.
World Bank (2010a). Consultation information report on the Red Sea–Dead Sea Conduit Project. Retrieved March15, 2011, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTREDSEADEADSEA/Resources/PublicMeetingBrochure_final.pdf
48.
World Bank (2010b). Study programme background and progress. Retrieved December12, 2010, from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/EXTREDSEADEADSEA/0,,contentMDK:22441548~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:5174617,00.html
49.
YaminF.DepledgeJ. (2004). The international climate change regime: A guide to rules, institutions and procedures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50.
ZeitunM. (2009). Power and water in the Middle East: The hidden politics of the Palestinian–Israeli water conflict. London: I.B. Tauris.
