Abstract
This essay connects anthropology with the spirit and substance of André Gunder Frank's world history project, emphasizing the need to integrate efforts to understand global colonization by homo sapiens with the expansion of powerful complex societies, sometimes called empires. It also pursues Frank's ‘hegemonic truncation in the world system’ by comparing structural similarities of the Mongols and the Europeans. Backwards history, as Frank and others call it, moves from the present to the past as a method for understanding continuing Euro-American expansions.
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