In a very controversial argument, Andre Gunder Frank suggested that scholars abandon
ideas like ‘transitions’ and ‘modes of
production’ in favor of more accurate, less Eurocentric concepts. This
work reviews three relevant debates on the use of these concepts. The class
backgrounds of 64 popes from 1300 to 1900 are then analyzed to see if leaders of a
powerful, non-hereditary office altered over that time. The analysis offers no
support regarding the role of transitions or modes of production in helping to
understand elite recruitment. This finding supports Frank's suggestion that
we consider alternative conceptual foundations for understanding development.
Abu Lughod, J.
(1989) Before European Hegemony.
New York: Oxford University Press
.
2.
Amin, S.
(1996) ‘
The Challenge of Globalization
’, Review of International Political Economy3(2):
216–59
.
3.
Amin, S.
(1999) ‘
History Conceived as an Eternal Cycle
’, Review22(3):
291–326
.
4.
Arrighi, G.
(1999) ‘
The World According to Andre Gunder Frank
’, Review22(3):
327–54
.
5.
Aston, T.
and
Philpin, C.
(1985) The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class
Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
6.
Barraclough, G.
(1968) The Medieval Papacy.
New York: Harcourt, Brace
.
7.
Binns, L.
(1934) The History of the Decline and Fall
of the Medieval Papacy.
London: Methuen
.
8.
Brenner, R.
(1977) ‘
The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism
’, New Left Review104:
25–92
.
9.
Brusher, J.
(1964) Popes Throughout the Ages.
Princeton: Van Nostrand
.
10.
Burn-Murdoch, H.
(1954) The Development of the Papacy.
New York: Praeger
.
11.
Capio, R.
(1996) ‘
The Papacy: A Case Study in Organizational Longevity
’, Journal of European Studies26(4):
437–50
.
12.
Cipolla, C.
(1976) Before the Industrial Revolution:
European Society and Economy, 1000–1700.
New York: Norton
.
13.
Coppa, F.
(ed.) (1999) Encyclopedia
of the Vatican and Papacy.
Westport: Greenwood Press
.
14.
Denemark, R.
and
Thomas, K.
(1988)
‘The Brenner-Wallerstein Debate’
, International Studies Quarterly32(l):
47–65
.
15.
Denemark, R.
,
Friedman, J.
,
Gills, B.
and
Modelski, G.
(eds) (2000) World System
History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change.
London: Routledge
.
16.
Dobb, M.
(1946) Studies in the Development of
Capitalism.
New York: International Publishers
.
17.
Dobb, M.
(1950/1978) ‘A
Reply’, in
R. Hilton
(ed.) The Transition from Feudalism to
Capitalism, pp. 57–67.
London: Verso
.
18.
Dopsch, A.
(1966) ‘Agrarian Institutions
of the Germanic Kingdoms from the Fifth to the Ninth
Century’, in
M. Postan
(ed.) The Cambridge Economic History of Europe
(Volume I), pp. 180–204.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
19.
Frank, A.G.
(1965) ‘Con que modo de
produccion convierte la gallina maiz en huevos de
oro?’, El Gallo Ilustrado, Suplemento de El
Dia,
Mexico
, 31 October and 25 November.
20.
Frank, A.G.
(1969) Latin America: Underdevelopment or
Revolution.
New York: Monthly Review Press
.
21.
Frank, A.G.
(1973) ‘
On Feudal Modes, Models and Methods of Escaping Capitalist Reality
’, Economic and Political Weekly8(1), reprinted in A.G. Frank
(ed.) (1984) Critique and Anti-Critique, pp.
58–61
.
London: Macmillan
.
22.
Frank, A.G.
(1990) ‘
A Theoretical introduction to 5,000 Years of World System History
’, Review13(2):
155–248
.
Frank, A.G.
(1998) ReOrient: Global Economy in the
Asian Age.
Berkeley: University of California Press
.
25.
Frank, A.G.
and
Gills, B.
(1992) ‘
The Five Thousand Year World System: An Interdisciplinary Introduction
’, Humboldt Journal of Social Relations18(1):
1–79
.
26.
Ganshof, F.
and
Verhulst, A.
(1966) ‘Medieval Agrarian
Society in its Prime: France, The Low Countries, and Western
Germany’, in
M. Postan
(ed.) The Cambridge Economic History of Europe
(Volume I), pp. 291–339.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
27.
Gilchrist, J.
(1969) The Church and Economic Activity in
the Middle Ages.
London: Macmillan
.
28.
Gills, B.
and
Frank, A.G.
(1992) ‘
World System Cycles, Crises, and Hegemonial Shifts, 1700 BC to 1700 AD
’, Review15(4):
621–87
.
29.
Glasser, F.
(ed.) (1921) Pope
Alexander VI and his Court.
New York: Brown
.
30.
Gollin, J.
(1971) Worldly Goods.
New York: Random House
.
31.
Granfield, P.
(1980) The Papacy in Transition.
New York: Doubleday
.
32.
Hilton, R.
(ed.) (1978) The
Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism.
London: Verso
.
33.
Kelly, J.
(1986) The Dictionary of Popes.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1986
.
34.
Koebner, R.
(1966) ‘The Settlement and
Colonization of Europe’, in
M. Postan
(ed.) The Cambridge Economic History of Europe
(Volume I), pp. 1–91.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
35.
Kuhner, H.
(1958) Encyclopedia of the Papacy.
New York: Philosophical Library
.
36.
Levillain, P.
(ed.) (2002) The
Papacy.
New York: Routledge
.
37.
Maxwell-Stuart, P.
(1997) Chronicle of the Popes.
New York: Thames and Hudson
.
38.
Mendels, F.
(1972) ‘
Proto-Industrialization: The First Phase of the Industrialization Process
’, Journal of Economic History32(1):
241–61
.
39.
Pirenne, H.
(1937) Economic and Asocial History of
Medieval Europe.
New York: Harcourt, Brace
.
40.
Procacci, G.
(1955/1978) ‘A Survey
of the Debate’, in
R. Hilton
(ed.) The Transition from Feudalism to
Capitalism, pp. 128–42.
London: Verso
.
41.
Ranke, L.
(1847) The History of the Popes
(3 volumes).
London: Henry Bohn
.
42.
Schimmelpfennig, B.
(1992) The Papacy.
New York: Columbia University Press
.
43.
Shaw, C.
(1993) Julius II: The Warrior Pope.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
44.
Sweezy, P.
(1950/1978) ‘A
Critique’, in
R. Hilton
(ed.) The Transition from Feudalism to
Capitalism, pp. 33–56.
London: Verso
. The Catholic Encyclopedia [Accessed 28 December 2006 (www.NewAdventorg/cathen/index/html).]
45.
Toynbee, A.
(1948) A Study of History
(Volume IV).
London: Oxford University Press
.
46.
Ullmann, W.
(1972) A Short History of the Papacy in the
Middle Ages.
London: Methuen
.
47.
Wallerstein, I.
(1992) ‘
The West, Capitalism, and the Modern World-System
’, Review15(4):
561–619
.
48.
Wallerstein, I.
(1999) ‘
Frank Proves the European Miracle
’, Review22(3):
355–71
.
