The medical interview has become an increasingly important diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the era of managed care. This article reviews the current literature on the relationship between specific interviewing skills and outcomes of care. In the context of three clinical vignettes, these results are discussed in relationship to interviewing geriatric patients.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Barsky, A. J.1981. "Hidden Reasons Some Patients Visit Doctors."Annals of Internal Medicine94:492-498.
2.
Beckman, H.
, K. Markakis, A. Suchman, and R. Frankel. 1994. "Getting the Most from a 20-Minute Visit."American Journal of Gastroenterology89:662-664.
3.
Beckman, Howard B.
and Richard M. Frankel. 1984. "The Effect of Physician Behavior on the Collection of Data."Annals of internal Medicine101:692-696.
4.
Bedell, Susanna
and Thomas L. Delbanco. 1984. "Choices about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Hospital: When Do Physicians Talk with Patients."New England Journal of Medicine310:1089-1093.
5.
Bensing, J. M.
and E. M. Sluijs. 1985. "Evaluation of an Interview Training Course for General Practitioners."Social Science and Medicine20:737-744.
6.
Cohen-Cole, Steven A.1991. The Medical Interview: The Three Function Approach. St. Louis: Mosby Yearbook.
7.
Cox, A.
, D. Holbrook, and M. Rutter. 1981. "Psychiatric Interviewing VI. Experimental Study: Eliciting Feelings."British Journal of Psychiatry139:144-152.
8.
Deyo, Richard A.
and Andrew K. Diehl. 1986. "Patient Satisfaction with Medical Care for Low-Back Pain."Spine11:28-30.
9.
DiMatteo, M. Robin
and Ron D. Hays. 1986. "Relationship of Physicians' Nonverbal Communication Skill to Patient Satisfaction, Appointment Noncompliance, and Physician Work-load."Health Psychology5:581-594.
10.
Edinger, Walter
and Douglas R. Smucker. 1992. "Outpatients' Attitudes Regarding Advance Directives."Journal of Family Practice35:650-653.
11.
Eisenberg, Leon
. 1992. "Treating Depression and Anxiety in Primary Care."New England Journal of Medicine326:1080-1083.
12.
Eisendrath, Start J.
and Albert R. Jonsen. 1983. "The Living Will: Help or Hindrance?"Journal of the American Medical Association249:2054-2058.
13.
Eisenthal, Sherman
and Aaron Lazare. 1977. "Evaluation of the Initial Interview in a Walk-in Clinic: The Clinician's Perspective on a `Negotiated Approach.' "Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease164:30-35.
14.
Ende, Jack
, Lewis Kazis, Arlene Ash, and Mark A. Moskowitz. 1989. "Measuring Patients' Desire for Autonomy: Decision-Making and Information-Seeking Preferences among Medical Patients."Journal of General Internal Medicine4:23-30.
15.
Evans, B. J.
, R. O. Stanley, and G. D. Burrows. 1993. "Measuring Medical Students' Empathy Skills."British Journal of Medical Psychology66(Part 2):121-133.
16.
Fine, Virginia K.
and Mark E. Therrien. 1977. "Empathy in the Doctor-Patient Relationship: Skill Training for Medical Students."Journal of Medical Education52:752-757.
17.
Gladstein, G. A.1977. "Empathy and Counseling Outcome: An Empirical and Conceptual Review."Counseling Psychologist6:70-79.
18.
Good, Mary-Jo Delvecchio
, Byron J. Good, and Pauld D. Cleary. 1987. "Do Patient Attitudes Influence Physician Recognition of Psychosocial Problems in Primary Care?"Journal of Family Practice25:53-59.
19.
Gove, Philip Babcock
, Eds. 1961. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. Springfield, MA: G&C Meniam.
20.
Greene, M. G.
, S. D. Majerovitz, R. D. Adelman, and C. Rizzo. 1994. "The Effects of the Presence of a Third Person on the Physician-Older Patient Medical Interview."Journal of the American Geriatrics Society42:413-419.
21.
Greenfield, S.
, S. Kaplan, and J. E. Ware. 1985. "Expanding Patient Involvement in Care."Annals of Internal Medicine102:520-528.
22.
Hall, J. A.
and M. C. Dornan. 1988. "Meta-Analysis of Satisfaction with Medical Care: Description of Research Domain and Analysis of Overall Satisfaction Levels."Social Science and Medicine27:637-644.
23.
Havlir, Diane
, Louise Brown, and G. Kay Rousseau. 1989. "Do Not Resuscitate Discussions in a Hospital-Based Home Care Program."Journal of the American Geriatrics Society37:52-54.
24.
High, Dallas M.1988. "All in the Family: Extended Autonomy and Expectations in Surrogate Health Care Decision—Melding."The Gerontologist28(Suppl.):46-51.
25.
Johnson, Thomas M.
, Eric J. Hardt, and Arthur Kleinman. 1995. "Cultural Factors in the Medical Interview." In The Medical Interview, edited by M. Lipkin, S. M. Putnam, and A. Lazare. New York: Springer-Verlag.
26.
Jorm, A. F.1995. 'The Epidemiology of Depressive States in the Elderly: Implications for Recognition, Intervention and Prevention."Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology30:53-59.
27.
Kagan, Norman
. 1975. "Influencing Human Interaction—Eleven Years with IPR."Canadian Counsellor9:74-97.
28.
Kaplan, Sherrie H.
, Sheldon Greenfield, and John E. Ware, Jr.1989. "Assessing the Effects of Physician-Patient Interactions on the Outcomes of Chronic Disease."Medical Care27(Suppl. 3):S110-S127.
29.
Kellogg, F.Russell, Madeleine Crain
, June Corwin, and Philip W. Brickner.1992. "life-Sustaining Interventions in Frail Elderly Persons: Talking about Choices."Archives of Internal Medicine152:2317-2320.
30.
Kleinman, Arthur
, Leon Eisenberg, and Byron Good. 1978. "Culture, Illness, and Care: Clinical Lessons from Anthropologic and Cross-Cultural Research."Annals of Internal Medicine88:251-258.
31.
Kohn, Martin
and Geeta Menon. 1988. "Life Prolongation: Views of Elderly Outpatients and Health Care Professionals."Journal of the American Geriatrics Society36:840-844.
32.
Korsch, Barbara M.
and Vida Francis. 1972. "Doctor-Patient Communication."Scientific American227:66-74.
33.
Lazare, A.
, F. Cohen, A. M. Jacobson, M. W. Williams, R. J. Mignone, and S. Zisook. 1972. "The Walk-in Patient as a `Customer': A Key Dimension in Evaluation and Treatment."American Journal of Orthopsychiatry42:872-883.
34.
Lazare, Aaron
, Mack Lipkin, and Samuel M. Putnam. 1995. "The Functions of the Medical Interview." In The Medical Interview: Clinical Care, Education and Research, edited by M. Lipkin, S. M. Putnam, and A. Lazare. New York: Springer-Verlag.
35.
Lo, Bernard
, Gary A. McLeod, and Glenn Saika. 1986. "Patient Attitudes to Discussing Life-Sustaining Treatment."Archives of Internal Medicine146:1613-1615.
36.
Mader, Scott
and Amasa Ford. 1995. "The Geriatric Interview." In The Medical Interview: Clinical Care, Education and Research, edited by M. Lipkin, S. M. Putnam, and A. Lazare. New York: Springer-Verlag.
37.
Mechanic, David
and Linda Aiken. 1987. "Improving the Care of Patients with Mental Illness."New England Journal of Medicine317:1634-1638.
38.
Middleton, J.1994. "Written lists in the Consultation: Attitudes of General Practitioners to Lists and the Patients Who Bring Them."British Journal of General Practice44:309-310.
39.
Molde, S.
and D. Baker. 1985. "Explaining Primary Care Visits."Image17:72-76.
40.
Morgan, William L.
and George L. Engel. 1969. The Clinical Approach to the Patient. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
41.
Nelson, E. C.
, G. McHugo, P. Schnurr, C. Devito, E. Roberts, J. Simmons, and W. Zubkoff. 1984. "Medical Self-Care Education for Elders: A Controlled Trial to Evaluate Impact."American Journal of Public Health74:1357-1362.
42.
Orth, J. E.
, W. B. Stiles, L. Scherwitz, D. Hennrikus, and C. Vallbona. 1987. "Patient Exposition and Provider Explanation in Routine Interviews and Hypertensive Patients' Blood Pressure Control."Health Psychology6:29-42.
43.
Peabody, Francis W.1927. "The Care of the Patient."Journal of the American Medical Association88:877-882.
44.
Pfeifer, Mark P.
, Jaan E. Sidorov, Allen C. Smith, Joseph F. Boero, Arthur T. Evans, Miriam B. Settle, and EOL Study Group. 1994. "The Discussion of End-of-Life Medical Care by Primary Care Patients and Physicians: A Multicenter Study Using Structured Qualitative Interviews."Journal of General Internal Medicine9:82-88.
45.
Putnam, Samuel M.
and Jane C. Young. 1984. "Coding Patient-Physician Interactions." Unpublished.
46.
Putnam, Samuel Morse
, William B. Stiles, Mary Casey Jacob, and Sherman A. James. 1988. "Teaching the Medical Interview: An Intervention Study."Journal of General Internal Medicine3:38-47.
47.
Rogers, C. R.1961. "The Characteristics of a Helping Relationship." In On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy, edited by C. R. Rogers. Boston: Houghton Miffin.
48.
Romm, F. J.
, B. S. Hulka, and F. Mayo. 1976. "Correlates of Outcomes in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure."Medical Care14:765-776.
49.
Rost, K.
and R. Frankel. 1993. "The Introduction of the Older Patient's Problems in the Medical Visit."Journal of Aging and Health5:387-401.
50.
Sato, Takeshi
, Masashi Takeichi, Masashi ShirahamaTsuguya Fukui, and James K. Gude. 1995. "Doctor-Shopping Patients and Users of Alternative Medicine among Japanese Primary Care Patients."General Hospital Psychiatry17:115-125.
51.
Schneiderman, Lawrence J.
, Richard Kronick, Robert M. Kaplan, John P. Anderson, and Robert D. Langer. 1992. "Effects of Offering Advance Directives on Medical Treatment and Costs."Annals of Internal Medicine117:599-606.
52.
Schon, Donald A.1983. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. New York: Basic Books.
53.
Schroeder, Steven A.1995. "Cost Containment in US Health Care."Academic Medicine70:861-866.
54.
Schurman, R. A.
, P. D. Kramer, and J. B. Mitchell. 1985. "The Hidden Mental Health Network: Treatment of Mental Illness by Nonpsychiatrist Physicians."Archives of General Psychiatry42:89-94.
55.
Stiles, W. B.
, S. M. Putnam, M. H. Wolf, and S. A. James. 1979. "Interaction Exchange Structure and Patient Satisfaction with Medical Interviews."Medical Care13:335-341.
56.
Tessler R.
, D. Mechanic, and M. Dimond. 1976. "The Effect of Psychological Distress on Physician Utilization: A Prospective Study."Journal of Health and Social Behavior17:253-264.
57.
Tomlinson, Tom
, Kenneth Howe, Mark Notman, and Diane Rossmiller. 1990. "An Empirical Study of Proxy Consent for Elderly Persons."The Gerontologist30:54-64.
58.
Tuckett, David
, M. Boulton, C. Olson, and A. Williams. 1986. Meetings Between Experts: An Approach to Sharing Ideas in Medical Consultations. New York: Tavistock.
59.
Verhaak, P.F.M.1986. "Variations in the Diagnosis of Psychosocial Disorders: A General Practice Observation Study."Social Science and Medicine23:595-604.
60.
Waitzkin, Howard
and John D. Stoeckle. 1972. "The Communication of Information about Illness: Clinical, Sociological, and Methodological Considerations."Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine8:180-215.
61.
Wasserman R. C.
, T. S. Inui, R. D. Barriatua, W. B. Carter, and P. Lippincott.1984. "Pediatric Clinicians' Support for Parents Makes a Difference."Pediatrics74:1047-1053.
62.
Woodward N. J.
and B. S. Wallston. 1987. "Age and Health Care Beliefs: Self-Efficacy as a Mediator of Low Desire for Control."Psychology and Aging2:3-8.