The current state of knowledge concerning relationships between elderly patients and their health care providers is reviewed in this article, chiefly in terms of physicians as providers. Characteristics of physicians, including age, gender, practice styles, and psychological attitudes, are shown to be relevant to the course and content of interactions. Equally critical are characteristics of the elderly patients, such as cohort membership, health status, gender, race, and health-related attitudes and beliefs. Also significant are the organizational settings in which interactions occur. Implications for elderly patient compliance and satisfaction, as well as health services utilization, are discussed in light of communication issues. The need for according elderly patients respect and dignity is stressed, particularly in light of ageist attitudes still prevalent among health practitioners and the society at large.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adelson, R.
, A. Nasti, J. N. Sprafkin, R. Marinelli, L. H. Primavera, and B. S. Gorman. 1982. "Behavioral Ratings of Health Professionals' Interactions with the Geriatric Patient."Gerontologist22(3):277-281.
2.
Andersen, R.1968. A Behavioral Model of Families' Use of Health Services.HSA Studies, University of Chicago ResearchSeries No. 25.
3.
Arling, G.1985. "Interaction Effects in a Multivariate Model of Physician Visits by Older People."Medical Care23(4):361-371.
4.
Atchley, R. C.1977. The Social Forces in Later Life.Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
5.
Bayne, J.R.D.
, P. Caulfield, R. Kendrick, and R. Slack. 1983. "Pharmacists and Their Relationship with Elderly Patients."Canadian Medical Association Journal129:35-37.
6.
Becker, M. H.1974. "The Health Belief Model and Sick Role Behavior."Health Education Monographs2:409-419.
7.
Becker, M. H.1979. "Understanding Patient Compliance: The Contributions of Attitudes and Other Psychosocial Factors." In New Directions in Patient Compliance, edited by S. J. Cohen. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
8.
Becker, M. H.1985. "Patient Adherence to Prescribed Therapies."Medical Care23(5): 539-555.
9.
Becker, M. H.
and L. A. Maiman. 1983. "Models of Health-Related Behavior." Pp. 539-568 in Handbook of Health, Health Care and the Health Professions, edited by D. Mechanic. New York: Free Press.
10.
Belgrave, L. L.
, B. Lavin, N. Breslau, and M. R. Haug. 1982. "Stereotyping of the Aged by Medical Students."Gerontology and Geriatric Education3(Fall):37-44.
11.
Bettinghaus, C. O.
and E. P. Bettinghaus. 1976. "Communication Considerations in the Health Care of the Aging." Pp. 1-16 in Aging and Communication, edited by H. J. Oyer and E. J. Oyer. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
12.
Betz, M.
and L. O'Connell. 1983. "Changing Doctor-Patient Relationships and the Rise in Concern for Accountability."Social Problems31(1):84-95.
13.
Blazer, D.1980. "Life Events, Mental Health Functioning and the Use of Health Services by the Elderly."American Journal of Public Health70:1174-1179.
14.
Bloom, S. W.
and E. J. Speedling. 1981. "Strategies of Power and Dependence in Doctor-Patient Exchanges." Pp. 157-170 in Elderly Patients and Their Doctors, edited by M. R. Haug. New York: Springer.
15.
Bloom, S. W.
and R. N. Wilson. 1979. "Patient-Practitioner Relationships." Pp. 275-296 in Handbook of Medical Sociology, edited by H. E. Freeman, S. Levine, and L. G. Reeder, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
16.
Bluestone, N. R.1978. "The Future Impact of Women Physicians on American Medicine."American Journal of Public Health68:760-763.
17.
Boreham, P.
and D. Gibson. 1978. "The Informative Process in Private Medical Consultation: A Preliminary Investigation."Social Science and Medicine12:409-416.
18.
Breslau, L. D.1981. "Problems of Maintaining a Therapeutic Viewpoint. " Pp. 119-127 in Elderly Patients and Their Doctors, edited by M. R. Haug. New York: Springer.
19.
Breslau, L. D.
and M. R. Haug. 1981. Some Elements in an Integrative Model of Depression in the Aged. Pp. 269-279 in Depression and Aging: Causes, Care and Consequences, edited by L. D. Breslau and M. F. Haug. New York: Springer.
20.
Brubaker, T. H.
and E. A. Powers. 1976. "The Stereotype of "Old": A Review and Alternative Approach."Journal of Gerontology31(4):441-447.
21.
Butler, R. N.1978. "The Doctor and the Aged Patient." Pp. 199-206 in The Geriatric Patient, edited by W. Reichel. New York: HP.
22.
Cartwright, A.
and R. Anderson. 1981. General Practice Revisited.London: Tavistock.
23.
Cartwright, L. K.1972. "Personality Differences in Male and Female Medical Students."Psychiatry Medicine3:213-218.
24.
Cassileth, B. M.
, R. V. Zupkis, K. Sutton-Smith, and V. March. 1980. "Information and Participation Preferences Among Cancer Patients."Annals of Internal Medicine:832-836.
25.
Ciliberto, D. J.
, J. Levin, and A. Arluke. 1981. "Nurses' Diagnostic Stereotyping of the Elderly: The Case of Organic Brain Syndrome."Research on Aging3(3):299-310.
26.
Coe, R. M.
and C. G. Prendergast. 1985. "The Formation of Coalitions: Interaction Strategies in Triads."Sociology of Health and Illness7:236-247.
27.
Coe, R. M.
, C. G. Prendergast, and G. Psathas. 1984. "Strategies for Obtaining Compliance with Medications Regimens."Journal of the American Geriatrics Society32(8):589-594.
28.
Cooper, J. K.
, D. W. Love, and P. R. Raffoul. 1982. "Intentional Prescription Nonadherence (Noncompliance) by the Elderly."Journal of the American Geriatrics Society30(5):329-333.
29.
Coulton, C.
and A. Frost. 1982. "Use of Social and Health Services by the Elderly."Journal of Health and Social Behavior23:330-339.
30.
DiMatteo, M. R.1979. "A Social Psychological Analysis of Physician-Patient Rapport: Toward a Science of the Art of Medicine."Journal of Social Issues35:12.
31.
Doubilet, P.
and B. J. McNeil. 1985. "Clinical Decision Making."Medical Care23(5):648-662.
32.
Doyle, B. J.
and J. E. Ware. 1977. "Physician Conduct and Other Factors that Affect Consumer Satisfaction with Medical Care."Journal of Medical Education52:793-801.
33.
Eisenberg, J. M.1985. "Physician Utilization: The State of Research About Physician's Practice Patterns."Medical Care23(5):461-483.
34.
Elliot, G. R.
and C. Eisdorfer. 1982. Stress and Human Health.New York: Springer.
35.
Eraker, S. A.
, J. P. Kirscht, and M. H. Becker. 1984. "Understanding and Improving Patient Compliance."Annals of Internal Medicine100:258-268.
36.
Ford, C. V.
and R. J. Sbordone. 1980. "Attitudes of Psychiatrists Toward Elderly Patients."American Journal of Psychiatry137(5):571-575.
37.
Fox, J. G.
and D. M. Storms. 1981. "A Different Approach to Sociodemographic Predictors of Satisfaction with Health Care."Social Science and Medicine15A:557-564.
38.
Fox, R.1957. "Training for Uncertainty." Pp. 207-241 in The Student Physician, edited by R. K. Merton, G. Reader, and P. L. Kendall. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39.
Fox, R. C.1985. "Reflections and Opportunities in the Sociology of Medicine."Journal of Health and Social Behavior26(March):6-14.
40.
Freidin, R. B.
and A. M. Lazerson. 1979. "Terminating the Physician-Patient Relationship in Primary Care."Journal of American Medical Association241(8):819-822, 823.
41.
Freidson, E.1973. "Prepaid Group Practice and the New 'Demanding Patient."'Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly/Health and Society51(4):473-488.
42.
Galen, R. S.1982. "Application of the Predictive Value Model in the Analysis of Test Effectiveness."Clinics in Laboratory Medicine2(4):685-699.
43.
Garms-Homolova, V.
1985. " 'Not at all or too much': Patterns of Inadequate Use of Health and Social Services by the Elderly." Paper presented at the XIII International Congress of Gerontology, July 12-17. New York.
44.
Garrity, T. F.1981. "Medical Compliance and the Clinician-Patient Relationship: A Review."Social Science and Medicine15E:215-222.
45.
Geiger, D. L.1978. "Note: How Future Professionals View the Elderly: A Comparative Analysis of Social Work, Law, and Medical Students' Perceptions."Gerontologist18(6):591-594.
46.
George, L.1981. Predicting Service Utilization Among the Elderly.Durham, NC: Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University.
47.
Goss, M.E.W.1981. "Situational Effects in Medical Care of the Elderly: Office, Hospital, and Nursing Home." Pp. 147-156 in Elderly Patients and Their Doctors, edited by M. R. Haug. New York: Springer.
48.
Greene, M. G.
, R. Adelman, R. Charon, and S. Hoffman. 1986. "Ageism in the Medical Encounter: An Exploratory Study of the Doctor-Elderly Patient Relationship."Language and Communication6(1/2):113-124.
49.
Haug, M. R.1975. "The Deprofessionalization of Everyone."Sociological Focus8(3):197-213.
50.
Haug, M. R.1976. "The Erosion of Professional Authority: A Cross-Cultural Inquiry in the Case of the Physician."MMFQ/Health and Society:83-106.
51.
Haug, M. R.1979. "Doctor Patient Relationships and the Older Patient."Journal of Gerontology34(6):852-860.
52.
Haug, M. R.1981. "Age and Medical Care Utilization."Journal of Gerontology36(l):103-111.
53.
Haug, M. R.
1985. "Effect of Psychological Distress on Self Treatment Decisions of the Elderly." Paper presented at the meeting of the International Congress of Gerontology, New York.
54.
Haug, M. R.1986. "Doctor-Patient Relationships and Their Impact on Self Care of the Elderly." In Self Care and Health Behavior in Old Age, edited by B. Holstein, K. Dean, T. Hickey, and L. Coppard. Copenhagen, Denmark: Croom Helm.
55.
Haug, M. R.
and B. Lavin. 1978. "Method of Payment for Medical Care and Public Attitudes Toward Physician Authority."Journal of Health and Social Behavior19:279-291.
56.
Haug, M.
and B. Lavin. 1979. "Public Challenge of Physician Authority."Medical Care17:844-858.
57.
Haug, M. R.
and B. Lavin. 1981. "Practitioner or Patient-Who's in Charge?"Journal of Health and Social Behavior22:212-229.
58.
Haug, M. R.
and B. Lavin. 1983. Consumerism in Medicine: Challenging Physician Authority.Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
59.
Hauser, S. T.1981. "Physician-Patient Relationships." Pp. 104-140 in Social Contexts of Health, Illness and Patient Care, edited by E. Mishleret al.New York: Cambridge University Press.
60.
Hayes-Bautista, D. E.1976. "Modifying the Treatment: Patient Compliance, Patient Control and Medical Care."Social Science and Medicine10:233-238.
61.
Haynes, R. B.
, M. Mattson, and T. Engebretson. 1980. Patient Compliance to Prescribed Antihypertensive Medication Regimens: A Report to the National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USHHS). National Institute on Health (NIH) Publication No. 81-2102. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
62.
Heins, M.1979. "Career and Life Patterns of Women and Men Physicians." Pp. 217-235 in Becoming a Physician, edited by E. C. Shaprio and L. M. Lowenstein. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
63.
Holtzman, J. M.
, C. H. Toewe, and J. D. Beck. 1979. "Specialty Reference and Attitudes Toward the Aged."Journal of Family Practice4(6):667-672.
64.
Hooper, E. M.
, L. M. Comstock, J. M. Goodwin, and J. S. Goodwin. 1982. "Patient Characteristics That Influence Physician Behavior."Medical Care20(6):630-638.
65.
Hornbrook, M. C.
and S. E. Berki. 1985. "Practice Mode and Payment Method: Effects on Use, Costs, Quality and Access."Medical Care22(5):484-511.
66.
Huntington, J.1981. "Time Orientations in the Collaboration of Social Workers and General Practitioners."Social Science and Medicine15A:203-210.
67.
Inui, T. S.
and W. B. Carter. 1985. "Problems and Prospects for Health Services Research on Provider-Patient Communication."Medical Care23(5):521-538.
68.
Inui, T. S.
, W. B. Carter, W. A. Kukull, and V. H. Haigh. 1982. "Outcome-Based Doctor-Patient Interaction Analysis."Medical Care20(6):535-549.
69.
Jackson, J.1980. Minorities and Aging.Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
70.
Kahana, E.1982. "A Congruence Model of Person-Environment Interactions." Pp. 181-214 in Aging and the Environment, Theoretical Approaches, edited by M. P. Lawton, P. G. Windley, and T. O. Byerts. New York: Garland.
71.
Kaplan, G. A.1981. Understanding the Understanding of Heart Attack: Patient and Physician Perspectives.Berkeley: Human Population Laboratory, California Department of Health Services.
72.
Kart, C.1981. "Experiencing Symptoms: Attributions and Misattributions of Illness Among the Aged." Pp. 70-78 in Elderly Patients and Their Doctors, edited by M. R. Haug. New York: Springer.
73.
Katon, W.
and A. Kleinman. 1981. "Doctor-Patient Negotiation and Other Social Science Strategies in Patient Care." Pp. 253-279 in The Relevance of Social Science for Medicine, edited by L. Eisenberg and A. Kleinman. Boston: D. Reidel.
74.
Kaufman, S.
and G. Becker. 1986. "Stroke: Health Care on the Periphery."Social Sciences and Medicine22(9):983-989.
75.
Keeler, E. B.
, D. H. Solomon, J. C. Beck, R. C. Mendenhall, and R. L. Kane. 1982. "Effect of Patient Age on Duration of Medical Encounters with Physicians."Medical Care20(11):1101-1108.
76.
Kirscht, J. P.
and I. M. Rosenstock. 1979. "Patients Problems in Following Recommendations of Health Experts." In Health Psychology-A Handbook, edited by G. C. Stone, F. Cohen, H. E. Adleret al.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
77.
Kleinman, A.1983. "The Cultural Meanings and Social Uses of Illness: A Role for Medical Anthropology and Clinically Oriented Social Science in the Development of Primary Care Theory and Research."Journal of Family Practice16(3):539-545.
78.
Kleinman, A.
, L. Eisenberg, and B. Good. 1978. "Culture, Illness, and Care: Clinical Lessons from Anthropologic and Cross-Cultural Research."Annals of Internal Medicine88:251-258.
79.
Kleinman, M. B.
and F. Clemente. 1976. "Support for the Medical Profession Among the Aged."International Journal of Health Services6(2):295-299.
80.
Komaroff, A. L.1985. "Quality Assurance in 1984."Medical Care22(5):723-734.
81.
Kutner, N. G.1978. "Medical Students' Orientation Toward the Chronically III. "Journal of Medical Education53:111-118.
82.
Larson, R.1978. "Thirty Years of Research on the Subjective Well-Being of Older Americans."Journal of Gerontology33:109-125.
83.
Lavin, B.
1982. "Gender and the Medical Student." Paper presented at the North Central Sociological Association Meeting, Detroit, MI, May.
84.
Lazare, A.
, S. Eisenthal, A. Frank, and J. D. Stoeckle. 1978. "Studies on a Negotiated Approach to Patienthood." Pp. 119-139 in The Doctor-Patient Relationship in the Changing Health Scene, edited by E. B. Gallagher. U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare (NIH). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
85.
Leventhal, E.1984. "Aging and the Perception of Illness."Research on Aging6(l):119-135.
86.
Levinson, R. M.
, K. T. McCollum, and N. G. Kutner. 1984. "Gender Homophily in Preferences for Physicians."Sex Roles10(5/6):315-325.
87.
Levy, R. L.1983. "Social Support and Compliance: A Selective Review and Critique of Treatment Integrity and Outcome Measurement."Social Science and Medicine17(18): 1329-1338.
88.
Ley, P.1979. "Memory for Medical Information."British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology18:245-255.
89.
Lifton, R. J.1979. "Advocacy and Corruption in the Healing Professions." Pp. 53-72 in Nourishing the Humanistic in Medicine, edited by William Rogers and David Barnard. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
90.
Linn, B. S.
and M. W. Linn. 1982. "Patient Symptoms and Physician Prescribing Patterns in the Elderly."Social Sciences and Medicine16:1531-1538.
91.
Linn, M. W.
, B. S. Linn, and S. R. Stein. 1982. "Satisfaction with Ambulatory Care and Compliance in Older Patients."Medical Care20(6):606-614.
92.
Lipp, M. R.1977. Respectful Treatment: The Human Side of Medical Care.New York: Harper & Row.
93.
Lorber, J.1984. Women Physicians, Careers, Status and Power.New York: Tavistock.
94.
Luft, H. S.1983. "Health-Maintenance Organizations." Pp. 318-351 in Handbook of Health, Health Care and the Health Professions, edited by D. Mechanic. New York: Free Press.
95.
MacEntee, M. I.1984. "The Dentist and the Older Patient: A Review of the Relationship."Journal of Canadian Dental Association9:675-678.
96.
Mankin, H.1986. "Normal and Pathological Aging of Joint Structures." In Arthritis and the Elderly, edited by R. Moskowitz and M. R. Haug. New York: Springer.
97.
Marshall, V. W.1981. "Physician Characteristics and Relationships with Older Patients." Pp. 94-118 in Elderly Patients and Their Doctors, edited by M. R. Haug. New York: Springer.
98.
McDonald, C. J.1979. "The Computer's Role in Detecting and Reducing Physician Errors." Pp. 127-140 in New Directions in Patient Compliance, edited by S. J. Cohen. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
99.
Mechanic, D.1979. "Correlates of Physician Utilization: Why Do Major Multivariate Studies of Physician Utilization Find Trivial Psychosocial and Organizational Effects?"Journal of Health and Social Behavior20:387-396.
100.
Mechanic, D.1983. "The Experience and Expression of Distress: The Study of Illness Behavior and Medical Utilization." Pp. 591-607 in Handbook of Health, Health Care and the Health Professions, edited by D. Mechanic. New York: Free Press.
101.
Miller, A.1984. "Nurse/Patient Dependency-A Review of Different Approaches with Particular Reference to Studies of the Dependency of Elderly Patients."Journal of Advanced Nursing9:479-486.
102.
Mishler, E.1981. "Social Contexts of Health Care." Pp. 79-103 in Social Contexts of Health, Illness and Patient Care, edited by E. Mishleret al.New York: Cambridge University Press.
103.
Mogul, K. M.1985. "Doctor's Dilemmas: Complexities in the Causes of Physicians Mental Disorders and Some Treatment Implications." Pp. 133-156 in Social Controls and the Medical Profession, edited by J. P. Swazey and S. R. Scher. Boston, MA: Oelgeschlager, Grun and Hain.
104.
Moore, J. T.1978. "Functional Disability of Geriatric Patients in a Family Medicine Program: Implications for Patient Care, Education, and Research."Journal of Family Practice7(6):1159-1166.
105.
Najman, J. M.
, D. Klein, and C. Munro. "Patient Characteristics Negatively Stereotyped by Doctors."Social Sciences and Medicine16:1781-1789.
106.
NCHSR (National Center for Health Services Research)
. 1983. Contacts with Physicians in Ambulatory Settings: Rates of Use, Expenditures and Sources of Payment. Data Preview 16, DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 83-3361. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
107.
NCHSR (National Center for Health Services Research)
. 1985. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Utilization of Hospital in Patient Services by Elderly Americans. DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 85-3351. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
108.
Nuttbrock, L.
and J. J. Kosberg. 1980. "Images of the Physician and Help Seeking Behavior of the Elderly: A Multivariate Assessment."Journal of Gerontology35(2):241-248.
109.
Parsons, T.1951. The Social System.New York: Free Press.
110.
Pendelton, D. A.
, H. Brouwer, and J. Jaspars. 1983. "Communication Difficulties: The Doctor's Perspective."Journal of Language and Social Psychology: 2:17.
111.
Picard, E.1981. "The Doctor-Patient Relationship and the Law." Pp. 45-57 in Doctors, Patients and Society, edited by M. S. Staum and D. E. Larsen. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Laurier University Press.
112.
Pratt, L. V.1978. "Reshaping the Consumer's Posture in Health Care." Pp. 197-214 in The Doctor-Patient Relationship in the Changing Health Scene, edited by E. B. Gallagher. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare (NIH). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
113.
Preston, T.1981. The Clay Pedestal: A Re-Examination of the Doctor-Patient Relationship.Seattle, WA: Marona.
114.
Prout, C.1985. "The Effects of Impairments on Physician Competence." Pp. 157-162 in Social Controls and the Medical Profession, edited by J. P. Swazey and S. R. Scher. Boston, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain.
115.
Pruyser, P. W.1979. "The Diagnostic Process: Touchstone of Medicine's Values." Pp. 245-261 in Nourishing the Humanistic in Medicine, edited by W. R. Rogers and D. Barnard. Pittsburg, PA: University of Pittsburg Press.
116.
Rakowski, W.
, T. Hickey, and A. N. Dengiz. (in press) "Congruence of Health and Treatment Perceptions Among Older Patients and Providers of Primary Care."International Journal of Aging & Human Development.
117.
Riley, M. W.1978. "Aging, Social Change and the Power of Ideas."Daedalus107(Fall):39-52.
118.
Riley, M. W.1985a. "Age Strata in Social Systems." In Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, edited by R. H. Binstock and E. Shanas. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
119.
Riley, M. W.1985b. "The Changing Older Woman: A Cohort Perspective." In The Physical and Mental Health of Aged Women, edited by M. R. Haug, A. B. Ford, and M. Sheafor. New York: Springer.
120.
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
. 1981. Medical Practice in the United States-A Special Report.Princeton: Author.
121.
Roos, N. P.
and E. Shapiro. 1981. "The Manitoba Longitudinal Study on Aging: Preliminary Findings on Health Care Utilization by the Elderly."Medical Care19:644-657.
122.
Roos, N. P.
, E. Shapiro, and L. L. Roos. 1984. "Aging and the Demand for Health Services: Which Aged and Whose Demand?"Gerontologist24(l):31-36.
123.
Rosow, I.1981. "Coalitions in Geriatric Medicine." Pp. 137-146 in Elderly Patients and Their Doctors, edited by M. R. Haug. New York: Springer.
124.
Roth, J.1977. "Some Contingencies of the Moral Evaluation and Control of Clientele: The Case of the Hospital Emergency Service."American Journal of Sociology1972:836-839.
125.
Salmon, J. W.1984. "Organizing Medical Care for Profit." In Issues in the Political Economy of Health Care, edited by J. B. McKinlay. New York: Tavistock.
126.
Santos, J. F.
, R. W. Hubbard, and J. L. McIntosh. 1983. "Mental Health and the Minority Elderly." Pp. 51-70 in Depression and Aging: Causes, Care and Consequences, edited by L. D. Breslau and M. R. Haug. New York: Springer.
127.
Shanas, E.
and G. L. Maddox. 1985. "Health, Health Resources, and the Utilization of Care." Pp. 696-726 in Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, edited by R. H. Binstock and E. Shanas. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
128.
Shapiro, E. C.
and A. B. Jones. 1979. "Women Physicians and the Exercise of Power and Authority in Health Care." Pp. 237-245 in Becoming a Physician, edited by E. C. Shapiro and L. M. Lowensteift. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
129.
Simpson, I. H.1979. From Student to Nurse: A Longitudinal Study of Socialization.London: Cambridge University Press.
130.
Snider, E. L.1980. "The Elderly and Their Doctors."Social Science and Medicine14A:527-531.
131.
Soldo, B. J.1980. "America's Elderly in the 1980s."Population Bulletin35.
132.
Spence, D. L.
, E. M. Feigenbaum, F. Fitzgerald, and J. Roth. 1968. "Medical Student Attitudes Toward the Geriatric Patient."Journal of the American Geriatrics Society16(9):976-983.
133.
Stewart, M. A.1983. "Patient Characteristics Which Are Related to the Doctor-Patient Interaction."Family Practicel(l):30-36.
134.
Stewart, M. A.1984. "What Is a Successful Doctor-Patient Interview? A Study of Interactions and Outcomes."Social Science and Medicine19(2):167-175.
135.
Stiles, W. B.
, S. Putman, M. Wolf, and S. James. 1979. "Interaction Exchange Structure and Patient Satisfaction with Medical Interviews."Medical Care17(6):667-679.
136.
Stoller, E. P.1982. "Patterns of Physician Utilization by the Elderly: A Multi-Variate Analysis."Medical Care20(11):1080-1089.
137.
Sudnow, D.1967. "Dead on Arrival."Transaction5:1.
138.
Svarstad, B. L.1986. "Patient-Practitioner Relationships and Compliance with Prescribed Medical Regimens." In Applications of Social Science to Clinical Medicine and Health Policy, edited by L. Aiken and D. Mechanic. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
139.
Szasz, T.
and M. H. Hollender. 1956. "A Contribution to the Philosophy of Medicine: The Basic Models of the Doctor-Patient Relationship."AMA Archives of Internal Medicine97:585-592.
140.
Taeuber, C. M.1983. "America in Transition: An Aging Society." In Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 128, U.S. Bureau of the Census. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
141.
Taylor, R. B.
, J. A. Burdette, L. Camp, and J. Edwards. 1980. "Purpose of the Medical Encounter: Identification and Influence on Process and Outcome in 200 Encounters in a Model Family Practice Center."Journal of Family Practice10(3):495-500.
142.
Tuckett, D. A.
, M. Boulton, and C. Olson. 1985. "A New Approach to the Measurement of Patients' Understanding of What They Are Told in Medical Consultations."Journal of Health and Social Behavior26(March):27-38.
143.
Tuckett, D. A.
and A. Williams. 1984. "Approaches to the Measurement of Explanation and Information-Giving in Medical Consultations: A Review of Empirical Studies."Social Science and Medicine18(7):571-580.
144.
Tuckman, J.
and I. Lorge. 1953. "Attitudes Toward Old People."Journal of Social Psychology37:249-260.
145.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
. 1984. Alzheimer's Disease: Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease (DHHS Publication No. ADM 84-1323). Washing-ton, DC: Government Printing Office.
146.
U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging
. 1985. America in Transition: An Aging Society, 1984-85 edition, Serial #99-B. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
147.
Verbrugge, L. M.1982. "Women and Men: Mortality and Health of Older People." Pp. 139-174 in Aging in Society: Selected Reviews of Recent Research, edited by M. W. Riley, B. B. Hess, and K. Bond. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum.
148.
Verbrugge, L. M.1985. "Gender and Health: An Update on Hypotheses and Evidence."Journal of Health and Social Behavior26(3):156-182.
149.
Waitzkin, H.1985. "Information Giving in Medical Care."Journal of Health and Social Behavior26(2):81-101.
150.
Waitzkin, H.
and J. D. Stoeckle. 1972. "The Communication of Information About Illness."Advanced Psychosomatic Medicine8:180-215.
151.
Waitzkin, H.
and J. D. Stoeckle. 1976. "Information Control and the Micro-Politics of Health Care: Summary of an Ongoing Research Project."Social Science and Medicine10:263-276.
152.
Wan, T.1982. "Use of Health Services by the Elderly in Low Income Communities."Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly1:82-107.
153.
Wan, T.
and G. Arling. 1983. "Differential Use of Health Services Among Disabled Elderly."Research on Aging5:411-431.
154.
Wan, T.
and B. Odell. 1981. "Factors Affecting the Use of Social and Health Services Among the Elderly."Ageing and Society1:95-115.
155.
Wasserman, R. C.
, and T. S. Inui. 1983. "Systematic Analysis of Clinician-Patient Interactions: A Critique of Recent Approaches with Suggestions for Future Research."Medical Care21(3):279-293.
156.
Weidman, H.1981. "Dominance and Domination in Health Care: A Transcultural Perspective." Pp. 133-146 in Doctors, Patients and Society, edited by M. S. Staum and D. E. Larsen. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Laurier University Press.
157.
Weintraub, M.1976. "Intelligent Noncompliance and Capricious Compliance.' Pp. 39-47 in Patient Compliance, edited by L. Lasagna. Mount Kisco, NY: Futura.
158.
Weisman, C. S.
, D. M. Levine, D. M. Steinwachs, and G. A. Chase. 1980. "Male and Female Physician Career Patterns: Speciality Choices and Graduate Training."Journal of Medical Education55(Oct.):813-825.
159.
Weisman, C. S.
and M. A. Teitelbaum. 1985. "Physician Gender and the Physician-Patient Relationship: Recent Evidence and Relevant Questions."Social Sciences and Medicine20(11):1119-1127.
160.
Weiss, H. J.1981. "Problems in the Care of the Aged." Pp. 79-90 in Elderly Patients and Their Doctors, edited by M. R. Haug. New York: Springer.
161.
Welch, C. E.1985. "Surgery and Aged Women: Indications and Contraindications." Pp. 194-206 in The Physical and Mental Health of Aged Women, edited by M. R. Haug, A. B. Ford, and M. Sheafor. New York: Springer.
162.
Wennberg, J. E.
, B. A. Barnes, and M. Zubkoff. 1982. "Professional Uncertainty and the Problem of Supplier-Induced Demand."Social Science and Medicine16:811-824.
163.
West, C.1984. Routine complications: Troubles with Talk Between Doctors and Patients.Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
164.
Wolinsky, F.
and R. Coe. 1984. "Physician and Hospital Utilization Among Noninstitutionalized Elderly Adults: An Analysis of the Health Interview Survey."Journal of Gerontology39(3):334-341.
165.
Wolinsky, F. D.
, R. M. Coe, D. K. Miller, J. M. Prendergast, M. J. Creel, and M. N. Chavez. 1983. "Health Services Utilization Among the Non-Institutionalized Elderly."Journal of Health and Social Behavior24:325-337.
166.
Zola, I. K.1981. "Structural Constraints in the Doctor-Patient Relationship: The Case of Non-Compliance." Pp. 241-252 in The Relevance of Social Science for Medicine, edited by L. Eisenberg and A. Kleinman. Boston: D. Reidel.
167.
Zola, I. K.1986. "Reasons for Noncompliance and Failure of the Elderly to Seek Care." In Arthritis and the Elderly, edited by R. Moskowitz and M. R. Haug. New York: Springer.
