This article explores the state of translational research in childhood obesity prevention. Five phases of translational research and emerging findings from basic science that could be useful in the design of obesity prevention programs are described. Few intervention studies have been published, and these are dominated by Phase 3 trials (efficacy), conducted in school settings, with a limited number of studies finding significant effects on Body Mass Index or adiposity. Cost-benefit analyses are lacking. Research is needed to translate basic science findings into novel interventions (Phases 1 and 2) and to translate programs with known behavior change capability into dissemination trials (Phase 5). Translation can be facilitated by enhanced communication between basic science and prevention science researchers, the development of interventions for underused settings, using novel strategies, support by institutions and funding agencies for translation, and the design of interventions with translation in mind.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Making,50179-211.
2.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
3.
Baldo, B. A., & Kelley, A. E. (2001). Amylin infusion into rat nucleus accumbens potently depresses motor activity and ingestive behavior. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory Integrative & Comparative Physiology, 281(4), 1232-1242.
4.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
5.
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. In S. T. Fiske, D. L. Schacter, & C. Zahn-Waxler, Annual review of psychology (Vol. 52, pp. 1-26). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
6.
Baranowski, T., Anderson, C., & Carmack, C. (1998). Mediating variable framework in physical activity interventions. How are we doing? How might we do better?American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 15(4), 266-297.
7.
Baranowski, T., Baranowski, J. C., Cullen, K. W., Thompson, D. L., Nicklas, T., Zakeri, I. E., et al. (2003). The fun, food, and fitness project (FFFP): The Baylor GEMS pilot study. Ethnicity & Disease, 13, S130-S139.
8.
Baranowski, T., Cullen, K. W., Nicklas, T., Thompson, D., & Baranowski, J. (2003). Are current health behavioral change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts?Obesity Research11(Suppl. 1), 23S-43S.
9.
Baranowski, T., Klesges, L. M., Cullen, K. W., & Himes, J. H. (2004). Measurement of outcomes, mediators, and moderators in behavioral obesity prevention research. 38(Suppl. 1), 1-1.
10.
Baranowski, T., Mendlein, J., Resnicow, K., Frank, E., Cullen, K., & Baranowski, J. (2000). Physical activity and nutrition in children and youth: An overview of obesity prevention. Preventive Medicine31, S1-S10.
11.
Beech, B., Klesges, R., Kumanyika, S., Murray, D., Klesges, L. M., McClanahan, B., et al. (2003). Child and parent-targeted interventions: The Memphis GEMS pilot study. Ethnicity & Disease,13(Suppl. 1), S40-S53.
12.
Berkey, C. S., Rockett, H. R. H., Field, A. E., Gillman, M. W., & Colditz, G. A. (2004). Sugar-added beverages and adolescent weight change. Obesity Research,12(5), 778-788.
13.
Biddle, S., Sallis, J. F., & Cavill, N. (1998). Policy framework for young people and health-enhancing physical activity—Evidence and implications. London: Health Education Authority.
14.
Booth, K. M., Pinkston, M. M., & Poston, W. S. (2005). Obesity and the built environment. Journal of the American Dietetic Association,105(Suppl. 1), S110-S117.
15.
Buzbee, W. (2003). Urban form, health, and the law's limits. American Journal of Public Health,93(9), 1395-1398.
16.
Caballero, B., Clay, T., Davis, S., Ethelbah, B., Rock, B., Lohman, T., et al. (2003). Pathways: A school-based, randomized controlled trial for the prevention of obesity in American Indian schoolchildren. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,78, 1030-1038.
17.
Campbell, W. W., Crim, M. C., Young, V. R., & Evans, W. J. (1994). Increased energy requirements and changes in body composition with resistance training in older adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,60(2), 167-175.
18.
Campbell, W. W., Crim, M. C., Young, V. R., Joseph, L. J., & Evans, W. J. (1995). Effects of resistance training and dietary protein intake on protein metabolism in older adults. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism,268, E1143-E1153.
19.
Caroli, M., Argentieri, L., Cardone, M., & Masi, A. (2004). Role of television in childhood obesity prevention. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity,28(Suppl. 3), S104-S108.
20.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2001). Prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents: United States, 1999-2002. Retrieved May 17, 2005, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overwght99.htm
21.
Chen, C. Y., Chao, Y., Chang, F. Y., Chien, E. J., Lee, S. D., & Doong, M. L. (2005). Intracisternal des-acyl ghrelin inhibits food intake and non-nutrient gastric emptying in conscious rats. International Journal of Molecular Medicine,16(4), 695-699.
22.
Chin, M. (2004, January). Community-based participatory research for diabetes translation and multi-level, multi-factorial interventions Paper presented at the meeting of the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, From clinical trials to community: The science of translating diabetes and obesity research, Bethesda, MD.
23.
Chou, C., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Azen, S. (2004). How can statistical approaches enhance trans-disciplinary study of drug misuse prevention?Substance Use & Misuse,39, 1867-1906.
24.
Cruz, M. L., Shaibi, G. Q., Weigensberg, M. J., Spruijt-Metz, D., Ball, G. D., & Goran, M. I. (2005). Pediatric obesity and insulin resistance: Chronic disease risk and implications for treatment and prevention beyond body weight modification. Annual Review of Nutrition,25, 435-468.
25.
Davis, S., Going, S., Helitzer, D., Teufel, N., Snyder, P., Gittelsohn, J., et al. (1999). Pathways: A culturally appropriate obesity-prevention program for American Indian school children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,69(Suppl. 4), 796S-802S.
26.
Davis, S., Gomez, Y., Lambert, L., & Skipper, B. (1993). Primary prevention of obesity in American Indian children. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,699, 167-180.
27.
DelParigi, A., Tschop, M., Heiman, M. L., Salbe, A. D., Vozarova, B., Sell, S. M., et al. (2002). High circulating ghrelin: A potential cause for hyperphagia and obesity in Prader-Willi Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism,87(12), 5461-5464.
28.
Dennison, B., Russo, T., Burdick, P., & Jenkins, P. (2004). An intervention to reduce television viewing by preschool children. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine,158, 170-176.
29.
Dishman, R. K., Motl, R. W., Saunders, R., Felton, G., Ward, D. S., Dowda, M., et al. (2005). Enjoyment mediates effects of a school-based physical-activity intervention. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,37(3), 478-487.
30.
Donnelly, J., Jacobsen, D., Whatley, J., Hill, J., Swift, L., Cherrington, A., et al. (1996). Nutrition and physical activity program to attenuate obesity and promote physical and metabolic fitness in elementary school children. Obesity Research,4(3), 229-243.
31.
Ebbeling, C. B., & Ludwig, D. S. (2001). Treating obesity in youth: Should dietary glycemic load be a consideration?Advances in Pediatrics,48, 179-212.
32.
Eliakim, A., Kaven, G., Berger, I., Friedland, O., Wolach, B., & Nemet, D. (2002). The effect of a combined intervention on body mass index and fitness in obese children and adolescents— A clinical experience. European Journal of Pediatrics,161(8), 449-454.
33.
Ells, L., Campbell, K., Lidstone, J., Kelly, S., Lang, R., & Summerbell, C. (2005). Prevention of childhood obesity. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism,19(3), 441-454.
34.
Epstein, L. (1996). Family-based behavioural intervention for obese children. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders, 20(Suppl. 1), S14-S21.
35.
Epstein, L., Gordy, C., Raynor, H., Beddome, M., Kilanowski, C., & Paluch, R. (2001). Increasing fruit and vegetable intake and decreasing fat and sugar intake in families at risk for childhood obesity. Obesity Research,9(3), 171-178.
36.
Epstein, L., Myers, M., Raynor, H., & Saelens, B. (1998). Treatment of pediatric obesity. Pediatrics,101, 554-570.
37.
Ewing, R., Schmid, T., Killingsworth, R., Zlot, A., & Raudenbush, S. (2003). Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity. American Journal of Health Promotion,18(1), 47-57.
38.
Faigenbaum, A. D. (2003). Youth strength training. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 19(4), 593-619.
39.
Fitzgibbon, M. L., & Stolley, M. R. (2004). Environmental changes may be needed for prevention of overweight in minority children. Pediatric Annals,33(1), 45-49.
40.
Fitzgibbon, M. L., Stolley, M. R., Schiffer, L., Van Horn, L., Kaufer-Christoffel, K., & Dyer, A. (2005). Two-year follow-up results for HIP-HOP to health jr.: A randomized controlled trial for overweight prevention in preschool minority children. Journal of Pediatrics,146(5), 618-625.
41.
Flores, M. (1995). Dance for health: Improving fitness in African American and Hispanic adolescents. Public Health Reports,110(2), 189-193.
42.
Foster-Powell, K., Holt, S. H. A., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2002). International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,76(1), 5-56.
43.
Frank, L. D., Andresen, M. A., & Schmid, T. L. (2004). Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,27(2), 87-96.
44.
Frank, L. D., Schmid, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Chapman, J., & Saelens, B. E. (2005). Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: Findings from SMARTRAQ. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,28(Suppl. 2), 117-125.
45.
Frederick-Recascino, C. (2002). Self-Determination Theory and participation: Motivation research in the sport and exercise domain. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 277-294). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
46.
French, S. A., Story, M., & Jeffery, R. W. (2001). Environmental influences on eating and physical activity. Annual Review of Public Health,22, 309-335.
47.
Gill, T. (1997). Key issues in the prevention of obesity. British Medical Bulletin,53(2), 359-388.
48.
Glasgow, R., Lichtenstein, E., & Marcus, A. (2003). Why don’t we see more translation of health promotion research to practice? Rethinking the efficacy to effectiveness transition. American Journal of Public Health,93(8), 1261-1267.
49.
Glasgow, R., Vogt, T., & Boles, S. (1999). Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: The RE-AIM framework. American Journal of Public Health,89, 1323-1327.
50.
Goran, M., & Reynolds, K. (2005). Interactive multimedia for promoting physical activity (IMPACT) in children. Obesity Research13(4), 762-771.
51.
Gordon-Larsen, P., McMurray, R. G., & Popkin, B. M. (2000). Determinants of adolescent physical activity and inactivity patterns. Pediatrics,105(6), E83-E83.
52.
Gordon-Larsen, P., & Reynolds, K. D. (2005). Influence of the built environment on physical activity and obesity in children and adolescents. In M. I. Goran & M. Southern (Eds.), Handbook of pediatric obesity: Etiology, pathophysiology and prevention (pp. 251-270). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Books/CRC Press.
53.
Gortmaker, S., Peterson, K., Wiecha, J., Sobol, A., Dixit, S., Fox, M., et al. (1999). Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine,153, 409-418.
54.
Green, L. (2001). From research to “best practices” in other settings and populations. American Journal of Health Behavior,25, 165-178.
55.
Green, L. (2004, December). From efficacy to effectiveness to community and back: Evidencebased practice vs practice-based evidence.Paper presented at the meeting of the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, From clinical trials to community: The science of translating diabetes and obesity research, Bethesda, MD.
56.
Green, L., & Glasgow, R. (in press). Evaluating the relevance, generalization, and applicability of research: Issues in translation methodology. Evaluation & the Health Professions.
57.
Greenwald, P., & Cullen, J. (1985). The new emphasis in cancer control. Journal of the National Cancer Institute,74(3), 543-551.
58.
Gutin, B., Barbeau, P., Litaker, M. S., Ferguson, M., & Owens, S. (2000). Heart rate variability in obese children: Relations to total body and visceral adiposity, and changes with physical training and detraining. Obesity Research8(1), 12-19.
59.
Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2002). A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: Predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,28(1), 3-32.
60.
Harvey-Berino, J., & Rourke, J. (2003). Obesity prevention in preschool Native-American children: A pilot study using home visiting. Obesity Research,11(5), 606-611.
61.
Hedley, A., Ogden, C., Johnson, C., Carroll, M., Curtin, L., & Flegal, K. (2004). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among U.S. children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. Journal of the American Medical Association291(23), 2847-2850.
62.
Holloway, J. B., Beuter, A., & Duda, J. L. (1988). Self-efficacy and training for strength in adolescent girls. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,18(8, Pt. 2), 699-719.
63.
James, J., Thomas, P., Cavan, D., & Kerr, D. (2004). Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: Cluster randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal,328, 1237-1239.
64.
Judd, C., & Kenny, D. (1981). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review,5(5), 602-619.
65.
Kain, J., Uauy, R., Albala, C., Vio, F., Cerda, R., & Leyton, B. (2004). School-based obesity prevention in Chilean primary school children: Methodology and evaluation of a controlled study. International Journal of Obesity, 28, 483-493.
66.
Kassem, N. O., & Lee, J. W. (2004). Understanding soft drink consumption among male adolescents using the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27(3), 273-296.
67.
Kassem, N. O., Lee, J. W., Modeste, N. N., & Johnston, P. K. (2003). Understanding soft drink consumption among female adolescents using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Health Education Research, 18(3), 278-291.
68.
King, A., Jeffery, R., Fridinger, F., Dusenbury, L., Provence, S., & Hedlund, S. (1995). Environmental and policy approaches to cardiovascular disease prevention through physical activity: Issues and opportunities. Health Education Quarterly, 22, 499-511.
69.
Klesges, L., Estabrooks, P., Dzewaltowski, D., Bull, S., & Glasgow, R. (2005). Beginning with the application in mind: Designing and planning health behavior change interventions to enhance dissemination. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 29(Special supplement), 66-75.
70.
Lien, N., Lytle, L. A., & Komro, K. A. (2002). Applying theory of planned behavior to fruit and vegetable consumption of young adolescents. American Journal of Health Promotion, 16(4), 189-197.
71.
Lobstein, T., Baur, L., & Uauy, R. (2004). Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health. Obesity Reviews, 5(Suppl. 1), 4-85.
72.
Ludwig, D. S., Majzoub, J. A., Al-Zahrani, A., Dallal, G. E., Blanco, I., & Roberts, S. B. (1999). High glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity. Pediatrics, 103(3), E26-E26.
73.
MacKinnon, D. (1994). Analysis of mediating variables in prevention and intervention research. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph, 139, 127-153.
74.
MacKinnon, D., & Dwyer, J. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluation Review, 17(2), 144-158.
75.
MacKinnon, D., Johnson, C., Pentz, M., & Dwyer, J. (1991). Mediating mechanisms in a school-based drug prevention program: First-year effects of the midwestern prevention project. Health Psychology, 10(3), 164-172.
76.
Mo-suwan, L., Junjana, C., & Puetpaiboon, A. (1993). Increasing obesity in school children in a transitional society and the effect of the weight control program. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 24(3), 590-594.
77.
Mo-suwan, L., Pongprapai, S., Junjana, C., & Puetpaiboon, A. (1998). Effects of a controlled trial of a school-based exercise program on the obesity indexes of preschool children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68, 1006-1011.
78.
Muller, M., Asbeck, I., Mast, M., Langnase, K., & Grund, A. (2001). Prevention of obesity— More than an intention: Concept and first results of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS). International Journal of Obesity, 25(Suppl. 1), S66-S74.
79.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., French, S., Hannan, P., Story, M., & Fulkerson, J. (2005). School lunch and snacking patterns among high school students: Associations with school food environment and policies. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2(1), 14-14.
80.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Martin, S., & Story, M. (2000). School-based programs for obesity prevention: What do adolescents recommend?American Journal of Health Promotion, 14(4), 232-235.
81.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., Hannan, P. J., & Rex, J. (2003). New moves: A school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent girls. Preventive Medicine, 37, 41-51.
82.
Orlandi, M. (1987). Promoting health and preventing disease in health care settings: An analysis of barriers. Preventive Medicine, 16, 119-130.
83.
Pangrazi, R., Beighle, A., Vehige, T., & Vack, C. (2003). Impact of Promoting Lifestyle Activity for Youth (PLAY) on children's physical activity. Journal of School Health, 73(8), 317-321.
84.
Resnicow, K., & Robinson, T. (1997). School-based cardiovascular disease prevention studies: Review and synthesis. Annals of Epidemiology, S7, S14-S31.
85.
Resnicow, K., Taylor, R., Baskin, M., & McCarty, F. (2005). Results of go girls: A weight control program for overweight African-American adolescent females. Obesity Research, 13(10), 1739-1748.
86.
Reynolds, K., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Unger, J. (in press). Health behavior research and intervention. In R. B. Wallace (Ed.), Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health & Preventive Medicine(15th ed.). Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange.
87.
Reynolds, K., Yaroch, A., Franklin, F., & Maloy, J. (2002). Testing mediating variables in a school-based nutrition intervention program. Health Psychology, 21(1), 51-60.
88.
Robinson, T. (1999). Reducing children's television viewing to prevent obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of American Medical Association, 282(16), 1561-1567.
89.
Robinson, T., Kraemer, H., Matheson, D., Pruitt, L., Owens, A., Flint-Moore, N., et al. (2003). Dance and reducing television viewing to prevent weight gain in African-American girls: The Stanford GEMS Pilot Study. Ethnicity & Disease, 13, S1-65, S61-S77.
90.
Robinson, T., & Sirard, J. (2005). Preventing childhood obesity: A solution-oriented research paradigm. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2S2), 194-201.
91.
Rochon, J., Klesges, R., Story, M., Robinson, T., Baranowski, T., Obarzanek, E., et al. (2003). Common design elements of the Girls Health Enrichment Multi-Site Studies (GEMS). Ethnicity & Disease, 13, S1-6–S1-14.
92.
Romon, M., Lafay, L., Bresson, J. L., Oppert, J. M., Borys, J. M., Kettaneh, A., et al. (2004). Relationships between physical activity and plasma leptin levels in healthy children: The Fleurbaix-Laventie Ville Sante II Study. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 28(10), 1227-1232.
93.
Rushing, P. A., Hagan, M. M., Seeley, R. J., Lutz, T. A., & Woods, S. C. (2000). Amylin: A novel action in the brain to reduce body weight. Endocrinology, 141(2), 850-853.
94.
Ryan, A. S., Pratley, R. E., Elahi, D., & Goldberg, A. P. (1995). Resistive training increases fat-free mass and maintains RMR despite weight loss in postmenopausal women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 79, 818-823.
95.
Sahota, P., Rudolf, M. C., Dixey, R., Hill, A. J., Barth, J., & Cade, J. (2001a). Evaluation of implementation and effect of primary school–based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity. British Medical Journal, 323, 1027-1029.
96.
Sahota, P., Rudolf, M. C. J., Dixey, R., Hill, A. J., Barth, J. H., & Cade, J. (2001b). Randomised controlled trial of primary school–based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity. British Medical Journal, 323(7320), 1029-1032.
97.
Sallis, J., Bauman, A., & Pratt, M. (1998). Environmental and policy interventions to promote physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 15(4), 379-397.
98.
Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., & Taylor, W. C. (2000). A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(5), 963-975.
99.
Schulze, M. B., Manson, J. E., Ludwig, D. S., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., et al. (2004). Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. Journal of American Medical Association, 292(8), 927-934.
100.
Schwartz, G. J. (2004). Biology of eating behavior in obesity. Obesity Research, 12(Suppl. 2), 102S-106S.
101.
Spruijt-Metz, D. (1999). Adolescence, affect and health. London: Psychology Press.
102.
Spruijt-Metz, D., & Chou, C. (2004). The most critical unresolved issues associated with transdisciplinary substance use prevention research: Programs, models, paradigms, concepts, and processes. Substance Use & Misuse, 39, 2071-2072.
103.
Spruijt-Metz, D., & Saelens, B. (in press). Behavioral aspects of physical activity in childhood and adolescence. In M. I. Goran & M. Southern (Eds.), Handbook of pediatric obesity: Etiology, pathophysiology. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Books/CRC Press.
104.
Stanley, S., Wynne, K., & Bloom, S. (2004). Gastrointestinal satiety signals III. Glucagon-like peptide 1, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide. American Journal of Physiology—Gastrointestinal & Liver Physiology, 286(5), G693-G697.
105.
Stolley, M., & Fitzgibbon, M. (1997). Effects of an obesity prevention program on the eating behavior of African American mothers and daughters. Health Education & Behavior, 24(2), 152-164.
106.
Story, M., Evans, M., Fabsitz, R., Clay, T., Rock, B., & Broussard, B. (1999). The epidemic of obesity in American Indian communities and the need for childhood obesity–prevention programs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(Suppl.), 747S-754S.
107.
Story, M., Sherwood, N., Himes, J., Davis, M., Jacobs, D., Cartwright, Y., et al. (2003). An after-school obesity prevention program for African-American girls: The Minnesota GEMS pilot study. Ethnicity & Disease, 13(Suppl. 1), S54-S64.
108.
Strauss, R., & Pollack, H. (2001). Epidemic increase in childhood overweight. Journal of American Medical Association, 286(22), 2845-2848.
109.
Summerbell, C., Waters, E., Edmunds, L., Kelly, S., Brown, T., & Campbell, K. (2005). Interventions for preventing obesity in children(Vol. 3). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
110.
Sung, R. Y., Yu, C. W., Chang, S. K., Mo, S. W., Woo, K. S., & Lam, C. W. (2002). Effects of dietary intervention and strength training on blood lipid level in obese children. Archives of Diseased Children, 86, 407-410.
111.
Sussman, S., Valente, T., Rohrbach, L., Stacy, A., & Pentz, M. (in press). Translation in the health professions: Converting science into action. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 29(1), 7-32.
112.
Timperio, A., Salmon, J., Telford, A., & Crawford, D. (2005). Perceptions of local neighbourhood environments and their relationship to childhood overweight and obesity. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 29(2), 170-175.
113.
Treuth, M. S., Hunter, G. R., Kekes-szabo, T., Weinsier, R. L., Goran, M. I., & Berland, L. (1995). Strength training reduces intra-abdominal adipose tissue in older women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78, 1425-1431.
114.
Treuth, M. S., Ryan, R. E., Pratley, R. E., Rubin, M. A., Miller, J. P., Nicklas, B. J., et al. (1994). Effects of strength training on total and regional body composition in older men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 77, 614-620.
115.
Troiano, R., & Flegal, K. (1998). Overweight children and adolescents: Description, epidemiology, and demographics. Pediatrics, 101(3), 497-504.
116.
Trost, S. G., Saunders, R., & Ward, D. S. (2002). Determinants of physical activity in middle school children. American Journal of Health Behavior, 26(2), 95-102.
117.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). The surgeon general's call to action to prevent and decrease overweight and obesity—2001. Rockville, MD: Author.
118.
Warren, J., Henry, C., Lightowler, H., Bradshaw, S., & Perwaiz, S. (2003). Evaluation of a pilot school programme aimed at the prevention of obesity in children. Health Promotion International, 18(4), 287-296.
