Annexe D. Deposition of Inhaled Particles

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) (1985). Air Sampling Procedures: Particle Size-Selective Sampling in the Workplace, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Aharonson E. F. Ben-David A. , and Klingberg M. A. (Eds.) (1976). Air Pollution and the Lung. Halstead Press-Wiley, New York.

Albert R. E. Petrow H. G. Salam A. S. , and Spiegelman J. R. (1964). Fabrication of monodisperse lucite and iron oxide particles with a spinning disk generator. Health Phys. 10, 933–940.

Albert R. E. Lippmann M. Peterson H. T. Berger J. Sanborn K. , and Bohning D. (1973). Bronchial deposition and clearance of aerosols. Arch. Intern. Med. 131, 115–127.

Altshuler B. (1961). The role of mixing of intrapulmonary gas flow in the deposition of aerosol. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours, Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, Oxford, 29 March-1 April, 1960, pp. 47–54 (Ed. Davies C. N. ). Pergamon Press, New York.

Altshuler B. Yarmus L. Palmes E. D. , and Nelson N. (1957). Aerosol deposition in the human respiratory tract. I. Experimental procedures and total deposition. A. M. A. Arch. Ind. Health 15, 293–303.

Anderson M. Svartengren M. Philipson K. , and Camner P. (1990). Deposition in man of particles inhaled in air or in helium-oxygen mixture at different flow rates. J. Aerosol Med. 3, 209–216.

Anselm A. Gebhart J. Heyder J. , and Ferron G. (1986). Human inhalation studies of growth of hygroscopic particles in the respiratory tract. In: Aerosols: Formation and Reactivity. Proceedings of the 2nd International Aerosol Conference, Sept. 22–26, Berlin, Germany, pp. 252–255.

Armbruster L. , and Breuer H. (1982). Investigations into defining inhalable dust. In: Inhaled Particles V, Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, Cardiff, 8–12 September 1980, (Eds. Walton W. H. Critchlow A. , and Coppock S. M. ). Ann. Occup. Hyg. 26, 21–32.

Armbruster L. , and Breuer H. (1984). Sampling efficiency of various probes for sampling inhalable dust. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 26, 249–257.

Asgharian B. , and Yu C. P. (1989). A simplified model of interceptional deposition of fibers at airway bifurcations. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 11, 80–88.

Balashazy I. Martonen T. B. , and Hofmann W. (1990). Fiber deposition at airway bifurcations. J. Aerosol Med. 3, 243–260.

Becquemin M. H. Yu C. P. Roy M. , and Bouchikhi A. (1991). Total deposition of inhaled particles related to age: Comparison with age-dependent model calculations. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 38, 23–28.

Birchall A. Bailey M. R. , and James A. C. (1991). LUDEP: A lung dose evaluation program. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 38(1–3), 167–174.

Blanchard J. D. , and Willeke K. (1984). Total deposition of ultrafine sodium chloride particles in human lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 57: 1850–1856.

Brain J. D. , and Valberg P. A. (1979). Deposition of aerosol in the respiratory tract. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 120, 1325–1373.

Briant J. K. (1990). Calculation of equivalent aerosol particle mobility in different mixtures of gases used to study convective transport in airways. J. Aerosol Med. 3, 221–232.

Breysse P. N. , and Swift D. L. (1990). Inhalability of large particles into the human nasal passage: In vivo studies in still air. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 13(4), 459–464.

Camner P. (1971). The production and use of test aerosols for studies of human tracheobronchial clearance. Environ. Phys. 1, 137–154.

Camner P. , and Philipson K. (1978). Human alveolar deposition of 4 μm Teflon particles. Arch. Environ. Health 33, 181–185.

Chan T. L. , and Lippmann M. (1980). Experimental measurements and empirical modelling of the regional deposition of inhaled particles in humans. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 41, 399–409.

Cheng Y.-S. Yamada Y. Yeh H.-C. , and Swift D. L. (1988). Diffusional deposition of ultrafine aerosols in a human nasal cast. J. Aerosol Sci. 19, 741–751.

Cheng Y. S. Swift D. L. Su Y. F. , and Yeh H. C. (1989). Deposition of radon progeny in human head airways. In: Proceedings of the DOE Technical Exchange Meeting on Assessing Indoor Radon Health Risks, September 18–19, 1989, Grand Junction, Colorado. Department of Energy CONF 8909190. Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

Cheng Y. S. Yamada Y. Yeh H. C. , and Swift D. L. (1990). Deposition of ultrafine aerosols in a human oral cast. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 1075–1081.

Clarke S. W. , and Pavia D. (1984). Aerosols and the Lung. Butterworths, Boston, MA.

Cohen B. S. (1987). Deposition of ultrafine particles in the human tracheobronchial tree. In: Radon and Its Decay Products (Ed. Hopke P. K. ). American Chemical Soc, Washington D.C.

Cohen B. S. , and Asgharian B. (1990). Deposition of ultrafine particles in the upper airways: An empirical analysis. J. Aerosol Sci. 21(6), 789–797.

Cohen B. S. Sussman R. G. , and Lippmann M. (1990). Ultrafine particle deposition in a human tracheobronchial cast. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12(4), 1082–1091.

Cohen B. S. Lippmann M. Harley N. H. , and Yu C. P. (1991). Particle deposition in human and canine tracheobronchial casts as a determinant of radon dose to the critical cells of the respiratory tract. In: Annual Report of the Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, pp. 150–155.

Davies C. N. (1945). Definitive equations for the fluid resistance of spheres. Proc. Phys. Soc. 57, 259–270.

Davies C. N. (1972). An algebraic model for the deposition of aerosols in the human respiratory tract during steady breathing. J. Aerosol Sci. 3, 297–306.

Davies C. N. (1974). Size distribution of atmospheric particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 5, 293–300.

Davies C. N. Heyder J. , and Subba Ramu M. C. (1972). Breathing of half-micron aerosols. I. Experimental. J. Appl. Physiol. 32, 591–600.

Dennis W. L. (1961). Discussion. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours, Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, Oxford, 29 March–1 April, 1960, pp. 82–91 (Ed. Davies C. N. ). Pergamon Press, New York.

Dennis W. L. (1971). The effect of breathing rate on the deposition of particles in the human respiratory system. In: Inhaled Particles III, Vol. I, Proceedings of an International Symposium Organised by the British Occupational Hygiene Society in London, 14–23 September 1970, pp. 91–103 (Ed. Walton W. H. ). Unwin Brothers Limited, Old Woking, Surrey, England.

Egan M. J. , and Nixon W. (1985). A model of aerosol deposition in the lung for use in inhalation dose assessments. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 11, 5–17.

Egan M. J. , and Nixon W. (1987). Mathematical modelling of fine particle deposition in the respiratory system. In: Deposition and Clearance of Aerosols in the Human Respiratory Tract, pp. 34–40 (Ed. Hofmann W. ). Facultas Universitätsverlag, Vienna, Austria.

Egan M. J. , and Nixon W. (1989). On the relationship between experimental data for total deposition and model calculations Part II: Application to fine particle deposition in the respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. 20 149–156.

Egan M. J. Nixon W. Robinson N. I. James A. C. , and Phalen R. F. (1989). Inhaled aerosol transport and deposition calculations for the ICRP Task Group. J. Aerosol Sci. 20, 1305–1308.

Emmett P. C. , and Aitken R. J. (1982). Measurements of the total and regional deposition of inhaled particles in the human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. 13, 549–560.

Ferron G. A. (1977). The size of soluble aerosol particles as a function of the humidity of the air. Application to the human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. 8, 251–267.

Ferron G. A. Haider B. , and Kreyling W. G. (1985). A method for the approximation of the relative humidity in the upper human airways. Bull. Math. Biol. 47, 565–589.

Ferron G. A. Haider B. , and Kreyling W. G. (1988). Inhalation of salt aerosol particles—I. Estimation of the temperature and relative humidity of the air in the human upper airways. J. Aerosol Sci. 19, 343–363.

Foord N. Black A. , and Walsh M. (1978). Regional deposition of 2.5 - 7.5 μm diameter inhaled particles in healthy male non-smokers. J. Aerosol Sci. 9, 343–357.

Fry F. A. (1970). Charge distribution on polystyrene aerosols and deposition in the nose. Aerosol Sci. 1, 135–146.

Fuchs N. A. (1964). The Mechanics of Aerosols. Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Gebhart J. Heigwer G. Heyder J. Roth C. , and Stahlhofen W. (1988). The use of light scattering photometry in aerosol medicine. J. Aerosol Med. 1, 89–112.

Gebhart J. Schiller-Scotland C. F. Egan M. J. , and Nixon W. (1989). On the relationship between experimental data for total deposition and model calculations. Part I: Effect of instrumental dead space. J. Aerosol Sci. 20, 141–147.

George A. , and Breslin A. J. (1969). Deposition of radon daughters in humans exposed to uranium mine atmospheres. Health Phys. 17, 115–124.

Giacomelli-Maltoni G. Melandri C. Prodi V. , and Tarroni G. (1972). Deposition efficiency of monodisperse particles in human respiratory tract. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 33, 603–610.

Gurman J. L. Schlesinger R. B. , and Lippmann M. (1980). A variable-opening mechanical larynx for use in aerosol deposition studies. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 41, 678–680.

Gurman J. L. Lippmann M. , and Schlesinger R. B. (1984). Particle deposition in replicate casts of the human upper tracheobronchial tree under constant and cyclic inspiratory flow. I. Experimental. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 3, 245–252.

Hänel G. , and Heyder J. (1980). Deposition of hygroscopic atmospheric aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. Staub-Reinhalt. Luft 40, 9–13.

Hatch T. F. , and Gross P. (1964). Pulmonary Deposition and Retention of Inhaled Aerosols. Academic Press, New York.

Heyder J. , and Gebhart J. (1977). Gravitational deposition of particles from laminar aerosol flow through inclined circular tubes. Aerosol Sci. 8, 289–295.

Heyder J. , and Rudolf G. (1977). Deposition of aerosol particles in the human nose. In: Inhaled Particles IV (in two parts), Part 2, Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, Edinburgh, 22–26 September 1975, pp. 107–126 (Eds. Walton W. H. , and McGovern B. ). Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Heyder J. , and Rudolf G. (1984). Mathematical models of particle deposition in the human respiratory tract. In: Lung Modelling for Inhalation of Radioactive Materials, pp. 17–38 (Eds. Smith H. , and Gerber G. ). EUR 9384 EN. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.

Heyder J. Armbruster L. Gebhart J. Grein E. , and Stahlhofen W. (1975). Total deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract for nose- and mouth-breathing. J. Aerosol Sci. 6, 311–328.

Heyder J. Gebhart J. Roth C. Stahlhofen W. Stuck B. Tarroni G. Dezaiacomo T. Formignani M. Melandri C. , and Prodi V. (1978). Intercomparison of lung deposition data for aerosol particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 9, 147–155.

Heyder J. Gebhart J. , and Stahlhofen W. (1980a). Inhalation of aerosols: Particle deposition and retention. In: Generation of Aerosols and Facilities of Exposure Experiments, pp. 65–103 (Ed. Willeke K. ). Ann Arbor Science Publications, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Heyder J. Gebhart J. Rudolf G. , and Stahlhofen W. (1980b). Physical factors determining particle deposition in the human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. 11, 505–515.

Heyder J. Gebhart J. Stahlhofen W. , and Stuck B. (1982). Biological variability of particle deposition in the human respiratory tract during controlled and spontaneous mouth-breathing. In: Inhaled Particles V, Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, Cardiff, 8–12 September 1980, (Eds. Walton W. H. Critchlow A. , and Coppock S. M. ). Ann. Occup. Hyg. 26, 137–147.

Heyder J. Gebhart J. , and Scheuch G. (1985). Interaction of diffusional and gravitational particle transport in aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 4, 315–326.

Hicks J. F. , and Megaw W. J. (1985). The growth of ambient aerosols in the conditions of the respiratory system. J. Aerosol Sci. 16, 521–527.

Hicks J. F. Prichard J. N. Black A. , and Megaw W. J. (1986). Experimental evaluation of aerosol growth in the human respiratory tract. In: Aerosols: Formation and Reactivity. Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 244–247.

Hiller F. C. Mazumder M. K. Wilson J. D. McLeod P. C. , and Bone R. C. (1982). Human respiratory tract deposition using multimodal aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci. 13, 337–343.

Hinds W. C. (1982). Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Hounam R. F. Black A. , and Walsh M. (1971). The deposition of aerosol particles in the nasopharyngeal region of the human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. 2, 341–362.

ICRP. (1979). Limits for Intake of Radionuclides by Workers. ICRP Publication 30, Part 1. Annals of the ICRP 2(3/4).

Ingham D. B. (1975). Diffusion of aerosols from a stream flowing through a cylindrical tube. J. Aerosol Sci. 6, 125–132.

Jähnett B. (1982). Wasserdampfkondensation an hygroskopischen Aerosolteilchen. Dissertation, J. W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main.

Landahl H. D. (1950). On the removal of airborne droplets by the human respiratory tract, I. The Lung. Bull. Math. Biophys. 12, 43–56.

Landahl H. D. , and Black S. (1947). Penetration of air-borne particulates through the human nose. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 29, 269–277.

Landahl H. D. , and Tracewell T. (1949). Penetration of air-borne particulates through the human nose, II. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 31, 55–59.

Li W. Montassier N. , and Hopke P. K. (1992). A system to measure the hygroscopicity of aerosol particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 17, 25–35.

Lippmann M. (1970). Deposition and clearance of inhaled particles in the human nose. Ann. Otol. Rhin. Laryngol. 19, 519–528.

Lippmann M. (1977). Regional deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 9, Reactions to Environmental Agents. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, Maryland, pp. 213–232.

Lippmann M. , and Albert R. E. (1967). A compact electric-motor driven spinning disc aerosol generator. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 28, 501–506.

Lippmann M. , and Albert R. E. (1969). The effect of particle size on the regional deposition of inhaled aerosols in the human respiratory tract. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 30, 257–275.

Lippmann M. Yeates D. B. , and Albert R. E. (1980). Deposition, retention and clearance of inhaled particles. Br. J. Ind. Med. 37, 337–362.

Loeb L. B. (1961). The Kinetic Theory of Gases, 3rd Edn. Dover Publications, New York.

Märtens A. , and Jacobi W. (1973). Die in-vivo-Bestimmung des Aerosolteilchendeposition in Atemtrakt bei Mund- und Nasenatumg. In: Proceedings of the Association for Aerosol Research, (Eds. Böhlau V. , and Straubel H. ). Bad Soden: Ges. Aerosolforschung.

Martonen T. B. Bell K. A. Phalen R. F. Wilson A. F. , and Ho A. (1982). Growth rate measurements and deposition modelling of hygroscopic aerosols in human tracheobronchial models. In: Inhaled Particles V, Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, Cardiff, 8–12 September 1980, (Eds. Walton W. H. Critchlow A. , and Coppock S. M. ). Ann. Occup. Hyg. 26, 93–108.

Melandri C. Tarroni G. Prodi V. De Zaiacomo T. Formignani M. , and Lombardi C. C. (1983). Deposition of charged particles in the human airways. J. Aerosol Sci. 14, 184–186.

Mercer T. T. (1973). Aerosol Technology in Hazard Evaluation. Academic Press, New York, p. 83.

Mercer T. T. (1975). The deposition model of the Task Group on Lung Dynamics: A comparison with recent experimental data. Health Phys. 29, 673–680.

Miller F. W. Martonen T. B. Ménache M. G. Graham R. C. Spektor D. M. , and Lippmann M. (1988). Influence of breathing mode and activity level on regional deposition of inhaled particles and implications for regulatory standards. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32(Suppl.1), 3–10.

Morén F. Newhouse M. T. , and Dolovich M. B. (Eds.) (1985). Aerosols in Medicine—Principles, Diagnosis and Therapy. Elsevier, New York.

Morrow P. E. (1986). Factors determining hygroscopic aerosol deposition in airways. Physiol. Rev. 66, 330–376.

Morrow P. E. , and Yu C. P. (1985). Models of aerosol behavior in airways. In: Aerosols in Medicine-Principles, Diagnosis and Therapy, pp. 149–191 (Eds. Morén F. Newhouse M. T. , and Dolovich M. B. ). Elsevier, New York.

Muir D. C. F. , and Davies C. N. (1967). The deposition of 0.5 μ diameter aerosols in the lungs of man. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 10, 161–174.

Niinimaa V. Cole P. Mintz S. , and Shephard R. J. (1980). The switching point from nasal to oronasal breathing. Respir. Physiol. 42, 61–71.

Niinimaa V. Cole P. Mintz S. , and Shephard R. J. (1981). Oronasal distribution of respiratory airflow. Respir. Physiol. 43, 69–75.

Nixon W. , and Egan M. J. (1987). Modelling study of regional deposition of inhaled aerosols with special reference to effects of ventilation asymmetry. J. Aerosol Sci. 18, 563–579.

NRC (1991). Comparative Dosimetry of Radon in Mines and Homes. Panel on Dosimetric Assumptions Affecting the Application of Radon Risk Estimates, Board on Radiation Effects Research, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academic Press, Washington, D.C.

Ogden T. L. , and Birkett J. L. (1977). The human head as a dust sampler. In: Inhaled Particles IV (in two parts), Part 2, Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, Edinburgh, 22–26 September 1975, pp. 93–105 (Eds. Walton W. H. , and McGovern B. ). Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Pack A. Hooper M. B. Nixon W. , and Taylor J. C. (1977). A computational model of pulmonary gas transport incorporating effective diffusion. Respir. Physiol. 29, 101–124.

Pattle R. E. (1961). The retention of gases and particles in the human nose. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours, Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, Oxford, 29 March–1 April, 1960, pp. 302–311 (Ed. Davies C. N. ). Pergamon Press, New York.

Pich J. (1972). Theory of gravitational deposition of particles from laminar flow in channels. Aerosol Sci. 3, 351–361.

Porstendörfer J. (1968). Die Diffusionkoeffizienten und mittleren freien Weglangen der geladenen und neutral radon-folge Produkte in Luft. Z. Phys. Chem. 213, 384–396.

Raabe O. G. (1969). Concerning the interactions that occur between radon decay products and aerosols. Health Phys. 17, 177–185.

Raabe O. G. (1982). Deposition and clearance of inhaled aerosols. In: Mechanisms in Respiratory Toxicology, pp. 27–76 (Eds. Witschi H. , and Nettesheim P. N. ). CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.

Ramamurthi M. , and Hopke P. K. (1989). On improving the validity of wire screen “unattached” fraction Rn daughter measurements. Health Phys. 56, 189–194.

Rudolf G. (1975). Deposition von Aerosolteilchen in der Nase. Diploma thesis, Universität Frankfurt, Germany.

Rudolf G. (1984). A mathematical model of the deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. 15, 195–199.

Rudolf G. (1985). Ein mathematisches Modell zur Deposition von Aerosolteilchen im Atemtrakt des Menschen. Ph. D. Thesis. J. W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Rudolf G. Gebhart J. Heyder J. Scheuch G. , and Stahlhofen W. (1983). Modelling the deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. 14, 188–192.

Rudolf G. Gebhart J. Heyder J. Schiller C. F. , and Stahlhofen W. (1986). An empirical formula describing aerosol deposition in man for any particle size. J. Aerosol Sci. 17, 350–355.

Rudolf G. Köbrich R. , and Stahlhofen W. (1990). Modelling and algebraic formulation of regional aerosol deposition in man. J. Aerosol Sci. 21(Suppl.1), S403–S406.

Rudolf G. Köbrich R. Stahlhofen W. , and James A. C. (1994). Regional airway deposition in man—a statistical and algebraic model. In: Inhaled Particles VII. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Inhaled Particles Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, 16–22 September, 1991 (Eds. Dodgson J. , and McCallum R. L. ) Ann. Occup. Hyg.

Scherer P. W. Shendalman L. H. Greene N. M. , and Bouhus A. (1975). Measurement of axial diffusivities in a model of the bronchial airways. J. Appl. Physiol. 38, 719–723.

Scherer P. W. Haselton F. R. Hanna L. M. , and Stone D. R. (1979). Growth of hygroscopic aerosols in a model of bronchial airways. J. Appl. Physiol. 47, 544–550.

Scheuch G. , and Stahlhofen W. (1988). Particle deposition and clearance from inhaled aerosol boluses. J. Aerosol Med. 1, 29–36.

Schiller C. F. Gebhart J. Heyder J. Rudolf G. , and Stahlhofen W. (1986). Factors influencing total deposition of ultrafine aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. 17(3), 328–332.

Schiller C. F. Gebhart J. Heyder J. Rudolf G. , and Stahlhofen W. (1988). Deposition of monodisperse insoluble aerosol particles in the 0.005 to 0.2 μm size range within the human respiratory tract. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32(Suppl. 1), 41–49.

Schiller-Scotland C. F. Hlawa R. Gebhart J. Wönne R. , and Heyder J. (1992). Total deposition of aerosol particles in the respiratory tract of children during spontaneous and controlled mouth breathing. J. Aerosol Sci. 23(Suppl. 1), S457–S460.

Schiller-Scotland C. F. Hlawa R. Gebhart J. Heyder J. Roth C. , and Wönne R. (1994). Particle deposition in the respiratory tract of children during spontaneous and controlled mouth breathing. In: Inhaled Particles VII. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Inhaled Particles Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, 16–22 September, 1991 (Eds. Dodgson J. , and McCallum R. L. ). Ann. Occup. Hyg.

Schlesinger R. B. (1985). Comparative deposition of inhaled aerosols in experimental animals and humans: A review. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 15, 197–214.

Stahlhofen W. (1984). Human data on deposition. In: Lung Modelling for Inhalation of Radioactive Materials, pp. 39–62 (Eds. Smith H. , and Gerber G. ). EUR 9384 EN, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.

Stahlhofen W. Gebhart J. Heyder J. , and Stuck B. (1979). Herstellung von monodispersen Fe₂O₃-Testaerosolen mit Hilfe der Zentrifugalzerstäubung. Staub-Reinhalt. Luft 39, 73–77.

Stahlhofen W. Gebhart J. , and Heyder J. (1980). Experimental determination of the regional deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 41, 385–398a.

Stahlhofen W. Gebhart J. , and Heyder J. (1981a). Biological variability of regional deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 42, 348–352.

Stahlhofen W. Gebhart J. Heyder J. Philipson K. , and Camner P. (1981b). Intercomparison of regional deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract and their long-term elimination. Exp. Lung Res. 2, 131–139.

Stahlhofen W. Gebhart J. Heyder J. , and Scheuch G. (1983). New regional deposition data of the human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. 14, 186–188.

Stahlhofen W. Scheuch G. , and Kronenberger H. (1984a). Die Regionaldeposition von Aerosolteilchen im Atemtrakt von Zahntechnikern. Dental-labor 9, 1007–1009.

Stahlhofen W. Gebhart J. Heyder J. Scheuch G. , and Juraske P. (1984b). Particle deposition in extrathoracic airways of healthy subjects and of patients with early stages of laryngeal carcinoma. J. Aerosol Sci. 15, 215–217.

Stahlhofen W. Gebhart J. Rudolf G. , and Scheuch G. (1987). Retention of radioactively labelled Fe₂O₃-particles in human lungs. In: Deposition and Clearance of Aerosols in the Human Respiratory Tract, pp. 123–128 (Ed. Hofmann W. ). Facultas Universitätsverlag mbH, Vienna, Austria.

Stahlhofen W. Rudolf G. , and James A. C. (1989). Intercomparison of experimental regional aerosol deposition data. J. Aerosol Med. 2, 285–308.

Stahlhofen W. Köbrich R. Rudolf G. , and Scheuch G. (1990). Short-term and long-term clearance of particles from the upper human respiratory tract as a function of particle size. J. Aerosol Sci. 21(Suppl. 1), S407–S410.

Stevens D. C. (1969). The particle size and mean concentration of radioactive aerosols measured by personal and static air samples. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 12, 33–40.

Svartengren M. Philipson K. Linnman L. , and Camner P. (1984). Airway resistance and deposition of particles in the lung. Exp. Lung Res. 7, 257–269.

Svartengren M. Falk R. Linnman L. Philipson K. , and Camner P. (1987a). Deposition of large particles in human lung. Exp. Lung Res. 12, 75–88.

Svartengren M. Linnman L. Philipson K. , and Camner P. (1987b). Regional deposition in human lung of 2.5 μm particles. Exp. Lung Res. 12, 265–279.

Svartengren M. Anderson M. Philipson K. , and Camner P. (1989a). Human lung deposition of particles suspended in air or in helium/oxygen mixture. Exp. Lung Res. 15, 575–585.

Svartengren M. Philipson K. , and Camner P. (1989b). Individual differences in regional deposition of 6–μm particles in humans with induced bronchoconstriction. Exp. Lung Res. 15, 139–149.

Swift D. L. (1985). Effects of inhalation mode on particle deposition in the respiratory tract. Presented at the Second U. S.-Dutch International Symposium on Aerosols, Williamsburg, Virginia, May 19–24, 1985.

Swift D. L. (1989). Age-related scaling for aerosol and vapor deposition in the upper airways of humans. Health Phys. 57(Suppl. 1), 293–297.

Swift D. L. , and Proctor D. F. (1976). Access of air to the respiratory tract. In: Respiratory Defence Mechanisms, pp. 63–93 (Eds. Brain J. D. Proctor D. F. , and Reid L. M. ). Marcel Dekker, New York.

Swift D. L. Montassier N. Hopke P. K. Karpen-Hayes K. Cheng Y. S. Su Y. F. Yeh H. C. , and Strong J. C. (1992). Inspiratory deposition of ultrafine particles in human nasal replicate cast. J. Aerosol Sci. 23, 65–72.

Swift D. L. Cheng Y.-S. Su Y.-F. , and Yeh H.-C. (1994). Ultrafine aerosol deposition in the human nasal and oral passages. In: Inhaled Particles VII. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Inhaled Particles Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, 16–22 September, 1991 (Eds. Dodgson J. , and McCallum R. L. ). Ann. Occup. Hyg.

Taulbee D. B. , and Yu C. P. (1975). A theory of aerosol deposition in the human respiratory tract. J. Appl. Physiol. 38, 77–85.

TGLD (Task Group on Lung Dynamics). (1966). Deposition and retention models for internal dosimetry of the human respiratory tract. Health Phys. 12, 173–207.

Timbrell V. (1982). Deposition and retention of fibres in the human lung. In: Inhaled Particles V, Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, Cardiff, 8–12 September, 1980 (Eds. Walton W. H. Critchlow A. , and Coppock S. M. ) Ann. Occup. Hyg. 26, 347–370.

Tu K. W. , and Knutson E. O. (1984). Total deposition of ultrafine hydrophobic and hygroscopic aerosols in the human respiratory system. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 3, 453–465.

Vincent J. H. (1990). The fate of inhaled aerosols: A review of observed trends and some general observations. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 43, 623–637.

Vincent J. H. , and Mark D. (1982). Application of blunt sampler theory to the definition and measurement of inhalable dust. In: Inhaled Particles V, Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, Cardiff, 8–12 September, 1980 (Eds. Walton W. H. Critchlow A. , and Coppock S. M. ). Ann. Occup. Hyg. 26, 3–19.

Vincent J. H. Mark D. Miller B. G. Armbruster L. , and Ogden T. L. (1990). Aerosol inhalability at higher wind speeds. J. Aerosol Sci. 21(4), 577–586.

Wales K. A. Petrow H. , and Yeates D. B. (1980). Production of ^99mTc-labeled iron oxide aerosols for human lung deposition and clearance studies. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 13, 689–694.

Wehner A. P. , and Felton D. L. (Eds.) (1989). Biological Interaction of Inhaled Mineral Fibers and Cigarette Smoke. Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio.

Willeke K. (1976). Temperature dependence of particle slip in a gaseous medium. J. Aerosol Sci. 7, 381–387.

Yamada Y. Cheng Y. S. Yeh H. C. , and Swift D. L. (1988). Inspiratory and expiratory deposition of ultrafine particles in a human nasal cast. Inhal. Toxicol. 1, 1–11.

Yeh H.-C. , and Schum G. M. (1980). Models of human lung airways and their application to inhaled particle deposition. Bull. Math. Biol. 42, 461–480.

Yu C. P. (1978). Exact analysis of aerosol deposition during steady breathing. Powder Technol. 21, 55–61.

Yu C. P. , and Cohen B. S. (1994). Tracheobronchial airway deposition of ultrafine particles. In: Inhaled Particles VII. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Inhaled Particles Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, 16–22 September, 1991 (Eds. Dodgson J. , and McCallum R. L. ). Ann. Occup. Hyg.

Yu C. P. , and Diu C. K. (1987). A comparative study of aerosol deposition in different lung models. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 43, 54–65.

Yu C. P. , and Xu G. B. (1987). Predicted deposition of diesel particles in young humans. J. Aerosol Sci. 18, 419–429.

Yu C. P. Diu C. K. , and Soong T. T. (1981). Statistical analysis of aerosol deposition in nose and mouth. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 42, 726–733.