The relational model of authority suggests that people are inclined to accept the decisions of ethnic outgroup authorities when they identify with a superordinate category they share with the authority, and when the authority satisfies their relational justice concerns. Using responses from a random sample of African Americans, Latinos, and Whites about their cross-ethnic interactions with legal authorities, the findings indicated that those who are highly identified with the superordinate category of America indicate greater reliance on relational concerns and less on instrumental concerns when evaluating the authority’s decision. In contrast, identification with one’s ethnic subgroup did not moderate the linkage between relational concerns and acceptance. Across all ethnic groups, there were positive rather than negative correlations between measures of American and ethnic identity. Together, these findings indicate that subgroup identity does not undermine the relational basis of social regulation and that relationship-based governance is compatible with multiculturalism.
Aiken, L.S., & West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2.
Azzi, A. (in press). From competitive interests, perceived injustice and identity needs to collective action: Psychological mechanisms in ethnic nationalism. In B. Kapferer (Ed.), Nationalism, ethnicity, and violence. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
3.
Berry, J.W. (1991). Understanding and managing multiculturalism: Some possible implications of research in Canada. Psychology and Developing Societies, 3, 17-49.
4.
Blalock, H. (1972). Social statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
5.
Brewer, M.B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475-482.
6.
Brewer, M.B., & Kramer, R.M. (1986). Choice behavior in social dilemmas: Effects of social identity, group size, and decision framing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 543-549.
7.
Brewer, M.B., von Hippel, W., & Gooden, M.P. (1999). Diversity and organizational identity: The problem of entree after entry. In D.A. Prentice & D.T. Miller (Eds.), Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict (pp. 337-363). New York: Russell Sage.
8.
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlational analyses for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
9.
de la Garza, R.O., Falcon, A., & Garcia, F.C. (1996). Will the real Americans please stand up: Anglo and Mexican American support of core American political values. American Journal of Political Science, 40, 335-351.
10.
Fiske, S., & Dupret, E. (1996). Control, interdependence and power: Understanding social cognition in its social context. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 7). New York: John Wiley.
11.
Fredrickson, G.M. (1999). Models of American ethnic relations: A historical perspective. In D.A. Prentice & D.T. Miller (Eds.), Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict (pp. 23-34). New York: Russell Sage.
12.
Gaertner, S., Dovidio, J.F., Nier, J.A., Ward, C.M., & Banker, B.S. (1999). Across cultural divides: The value of a superordinate identity. In Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict (pp. 173-212). New York: Russell Sage.
13.
Gaertner, S.L., Rust, M.C., Dovidio, J.F., Bachman, B.A., & Anastasio, P.A. (1994). The contact hypothesis: The role of a common ingroup identity on reducing intergroup bias. Small Group Research, 22, 267-277.
14.
Glazer, N. (1997). We are all multiculturalists now. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
15.
Gonzales, R., & Brown, R. (1999). Maintaining the salience of subgroup and superordinate group identities during intergroup contact. Paper presented at the annual meeting of experimental social psychology, St. Louis, MO.
16.
Haslam, S.A. (2000). Psychology in organizations: The social identity approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17.
Hewstone, M. (1996). Contact and categorization: Social psychological interventions to change intergroup relations. In C.N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 323-368). New York: Guilford.
18.
Hewstone, M., & Brown, R. (1986). Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective. In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (Eds.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 1-44). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
19.
Hogg, M.A., & Abrams, D. (Eds.). (1988). Social identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. London: Routledge.
20.
Hornsey, M.J., & Hogg, M.A. (2000). Subgroup relations: A comparison of mutual intergroup differentiation and common ingroup identity models of prejudice reduction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 242-256.
21.
Huo, Y.J., Molina, L.E., & Sawahata, R. (2002). Category salience, justice evaluations, and reactions to negative outcomes: Does recategorizing outgroup authorities activate relational concerns? Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Los Angeles.
22.
Huo, Y.J., Smith, H.J., Tyler, T.R., & Lind, E.A. (1996). Superordinate identification, subgroup identification, and justice concerns: Is separatism the problem; Is assimilation the answer?Psychological Science, 7, 40-45.
23.
Huo, Y.J., & Tyler, T.R. (2000). How different ethnic groups respond to legal authorities. San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California.
24.
Huo, Y.J., & Tyler, T.R. (2001). Ethnic diversity and the viability of organizations: The role of procedural justice in bridging differences. In J. Greenberg & R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Advances in organizational justice. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
25.
Klandermans, B., Roefs, M., & Olivier, J. (2000). Forging the rainbow: Super-and subordinate identity in South Africa. Paper presented at the International Society for Political Psychology, Seattle, WA.
26.
Kramer, R.M. (1991). Intergroup relations and organizational dilemmas: The role of categorization processes. Research in Organizational Behavior, 13, 191-228.
27.
LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H.L.K., & Gerton, J. (1993). Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 395-412.
28.
Leventhal, G.S. (1976). The distribution of rewards and resources in groups and organizations. In L. Berkowitz & E. Walster (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 9, pp. 91-131). New York: Academic Press.
29.
Lind, E.A., Kanfer, R., & Earley, C. (1990). Voice, control, and procedural justice: Instrumental and noninstrumental concerns in fairness judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1990, 952-959.
30.
Lind, E.A., Kulik, C.T., Ambrose, M., & de Vera Park, M.V. (1993). Individual and corporate dispute resolution: Using procedural fairness as a decision heuristic. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, 224-251.
31.
Lind, E.A., & Tyler, T.R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum.
32.
Miller, D.T., & Prentice, D.A. (1999). Some consequences of a belief in group essence: The category divide hypothesis. In D.A. Prentice & D.T. Miller (Eds.), Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict (pp. 213-238). New York: Russell Sage.
33.
Mohadjer, L. (1988). Stratification of prefix areas for sampling rare populations. In R.M. Groves, P.P. Biemer, L.E. Lyberg, J.T. Massey, W.L. Nicholls, II, & J. Waksberg (Eds.), Telephone survey methodology. New York: John Wiley.
34.
Mummendey, A., & Wenzel, M. (1999). Social discrimination and tolerance in intergroup relations: Reactions to intergroup difference. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 158-174.
35.
Phinney, J.S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 499-514.
36.
Ryder, A.G., Alden, L.E., & Paulhus, D.L. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 49-65.
37.
Schlesinger, A.M., Jr. (1992). The disuniting of America: Reflections on a multicultural society. New York: Norton.
38.
Sears, D., Citrin, J., Cheleden, S.V., & van Laar, C. (1999). Cultural diversity and multicultural politics: Is ethnic balkanization psychologically inevitable? In D.A. Prentice & D.T. Miller (Eds.), Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict (pp. 35-79). New York: Russell Sage.
39.
Sidanius, J., Feshbach, S., Levin, S., & Pratto, F. (1997). The interface between ethnic and national attachment: Ethnic pluralism or ethnic dominance. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 103-133.
40.
Sidanius, J., & Petrocik, J.R. (in press). Communal and national identity in a multiethnic state: A comparison of three perspectives. In R.D. Ashmore, L. Jussim, & D. Wilder (Eds.), Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
41.
Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
42.
Smith, H.J., & Tyler, T.R. (1996). Justice and power: When will justice concerns encourage the advantaged to support policies which redistribute economic resources and the disadvantaged to willingly obey the law?European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 171-200.
43.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W.G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
44.
Thibaut, J., & Walker, L. (1975). Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
45.
Turner, J.C., Hogg, M.A., Oakes, P.J., Reicher, S., & Wetherell, M.S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
46.
Tyler, T.R. (1990). Why people obey the law: Procedural justice, legitimacy and compliance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
47.
Tyler, T.R., Boeckmann, R.J., Smith, H.J., & Huo, Y.J. (1997). Social justice in a diverse society. Boulder, Co: Westview.
48.
Tyler, T.R., & Degoey, P. (1995). Collective restraint in social dilemmas: Procedural justice and social identification effects on support for authorities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 482-497.
49.
Tyler, T.R., & Lind, E.A. (1992). A relational model of authority in groups. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 115-191). New York: Academic Press.
50.
Van Laar, C., Vidanage, S., & Sears, D.O. (1996). Becoming an American: The political socialization of Latinos. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology.
51.
Walster, E., Walster, G.W., & Berscheid, E. (1978). Equity: Theory and research. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
