Do parents have exam anxiety,too? The predictive role of irrational beliefs and perfectionism with parental exam anxiety in explaining students’ exam anxiety
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online June, 2023
Do parents have exam anxiety,too? The predictive role of irrational beliefs and perfectionism with parental exam anxiety in explaining students’ exam anxiety
Objectives: Exam Anxiety is a condition influenced by both personal and environmental factors as well as cultural, family, and family-related systems. Accordingly, the current study aims at determining the predictive role of parental exam anxiety with irrational beliefs and perfectionism in explaining students’ exam anxiety. Methods: The study included a total of 1006 participants, students (N = 503 (58%) female and (42%) male) and parents (N = 503 (65%) female and (35%) male) of these students. The Test Anxiety Inventory, Exam Anxiety Scale for Parents, The Irrational Beliefs Scale for Adolescence, and Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale were used as data collection instruments for this study. Results: The regression analyses indicated that exam anxiety in students was significantly predicted by the worry sub-dimension of parental exam anxiety, irrational beliefs as well as concern over mistakes, parental criticism, and doubting of actions sub-dimension of perfectionism. Conclusion: The findings are discussed and explained based on the relevant literature.
AbdollahiA.CarlbringP.VaezE.GhahfarokhiS. A. (2018). Perfectionism and test anxiety among high-school students: The moderating role of academic hardiness. Current Psychology, 37(3), 632–639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9550-z
2.
AlisinanoğluF.Ulutaşİ (2003). Çocukların kaygı düzeyleri ile annelerinin kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 28(128), 65–71.
3.
AranaF. G.FurlanL. (2016). Groups of perfectionists, test anxiety, and pre-exam coping in Argentine students. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 169–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.001
4.
AshbyJ. S.RiceK. G. (2002). Perfectionism, dysfunctional attitudes, and self-esteem: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80(2), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00183.x
5.
BaytemirK. (2019). Perfectionism, irrational beliefs, need for social approval and gender as predictors of parent exam anxiety. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 8(1), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.14686/buefad.417814
6.
BaytemirK.İlhanT. (2018). Development of the exam anxiety scale for parents: A validity and reliability study. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 16(1), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.25115/EJREP.V16I44.1945
7.
BeckA. T. (1993). Cognitive therapy: Past, present, and future. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.2.194
8.
BeckA. T.ClarkD. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00069-1
9.
BodasJ.OllendickT. H. (2005). Test anxiety: A cross-cultural perspective. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8(1), 65–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-005-2342-x
10.
BorelliJ. L.MargolinG.RasmussenH. F. (2015). Parental overcontrol as a mechanism explaining the longitudinal association between parent and child anxiety. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(6), 1559–1574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9960-1
11.
BowlbyJ. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic books.
12.
BoyacıoğluN.KüçükL. (2011). Irrational beliefs and test anxiety in Turkish school adolescents. The Journal of School Nursing, 27(6), 447–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840511417631
13.
BögelsS. M.van MelickM. (2004). The relationship between child-report, parent self-report, and partner report of perceived parental rearing behaviors and anxiety in children and parents. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(8), 1583–1596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.014
BurcaşS.CreţuR. Z. (2021). Multidimensional perfectionism and test anxiety: A meta-analytic review of two decades of research. Educational Psychology Review, 33, 249–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09531-3
16.
BurnsM. K.Warmbold-BrannK.ZaslofskyA. F. (2015). Ecological systems theory in school psychology review. School Psychology Review, 44(3), 249–261. https://doi.org/10.17105/spr-15-0092.1
17.
BursteinM.GinsburgG. S. (2010). The effect of parental modeling of anxious behaviors and cognitions in school-aged children: An experimental pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(6), 506–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.02.006
18.
CassadyJ. C.JohnsonR. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 270–295. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2001.1094
19.
ChanH. W. Q.SunC. F. R. (2020). Irrational beliefs, depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Hong Kong. Journal of American College Health, 69(8), 827–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1710516
20.
ÇapulcuoğluU.GündüzB. (2013). Öğrenci tükenmişliğini yordamada stresle başaçıkma, sınav kaygısı, akademik yetkinlik ve anne-baba tutumları değişkenlerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi-Uluslararası E-Dergi, 3(1), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.12973/jesr.2013.3111.a
21.
ÇivitciA. (2006). Ergenler için mantık dışı inançlar ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(25), 69–80.
22.
ÇolakT. (2009). Genel lise son sınıf öğrencilerinin sınav kaygı düzeyleri ve anne-baba tutumları. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17, 57–80.
23.
DoğanU. (2020). Lise ve üniversite öğrencilerinde sınav kaygısının karşılaştırılması. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.21666/muefd.637421
24.
DrakeK. L.GinsburgG. S. (2012). Family factors in the development, treatment, and prevention of childhood anxiety disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15(2), 144–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0109-0
25.
EllisA. (2010). Overcoming destructive beliefs, feelings, and behaviors: New directions for rational emotive behavior therapy. Prometheus Books.
26.
EllisA.DavidD.LynnS. J. (2010). Rational and irrational beliefs: A historical and conceptual perspective. In DavidD.LynnS. J.EllisA. (Eds.), Rational and irrational beliefs: Research, theory, and clinical practice (pp. 3–22). Oxford University Press.
27.
ErgeneT. (2003). Effective interventions on test anxiety reduction a meta-analysis. School Psychology International, 24(3), 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/01430343030243004
28.
ErgeneT. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin sınav kaygısı, çalışma alışkanlıkları, başarı güdüsü ve akademik performans düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(160), 320–330.
29.
EumK.RiceK. G. (2011). Test anxiety, perfectionism, goal orientation, and academic performance. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24(2), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.488723
30.
Freedman-DoanC. R. (1993). Factors influencing the development of academic anxiety in chiłdren: A path analytic model [Paper presentation]. Annual Conference of The American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.
31.
FrostR. O.MartenP.LahartC.RosenblateR. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967
32.
GherasimL. R.ButnaruS. (2012). The effort attribution, test anxiety and achievement in sciences: The moderating effect of parental behaviour. The International Journal of Learning, 18(10), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/CGP/v18i10/47671
33.
GinsburgG. S.GroverR. L.CordJ. J.IalongoN. (2006). Observational measures of parenting in anxious and nonanxious mothers: Does type of task matter?Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 35(2), 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_16
34.
GülerD.ÇakırG. (2013). Lise son sınıf öğrencilerinin sınav kaygısını yordayan değişkenlerin incelenmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(39), 82–94.
35.
HanımoğluE.İnançB. Y. (2011). Seviye belirleme sınavına girecek olan ilköğretim ikinci kademe öğrencilerinde sınav kaygısı mükemmeliyetçilik ve anne baba tutumu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(1), 351–366.
36.
HarpellJ. V.AndrewsJ. J. (2012). Multi-informant test anxiety assessment of adolescents. Psychology (Savannah, Ga ), 3(07), 518–524. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.37075
37.
HartB. A.GilnerF. H.HandalP. J.GfellerJ. D. (1998). The relationship between perfectionism and self-efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(1), 109–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00116-5
38.
HayesN.O’TooleL.HalpennyA. M. (2017). Introducing Bronfenbrenner: A guide for practitioners and students in early years education. Routledge.
39.
HongE. (1998). Differential stability of individual differences in state and trait anxiety. Learning and Individual Differences, 10(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1041-6080(99)80142-3
40.
HorneyK. (1999). The neurotic personality of our time. Routledge.
KağıtçıbaşıÇ (2010). Günümüzde insan ve insanlar: Sosyal psikolojiye giriş. Evrim Yayınevi.
43.
KhaledianM.SaghafiF.MoradiS.KhairkhahZ. (2013). Investigating the relationship of ırrational beliefs with anxiety and their effect in two different academic systems in Iran (Under graduate collage students of payam nour university and islamic azad university). Journal of International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 4(5), 1185–1191.
44.
KingN. J.OllendickT. H. (1989). Children’s anxiety and phobic disorders in school settings: Classification, assessment, and intervention issues. Review of Educational Research, 59(4), 431–470. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543059004431
45.
KoçkarAİKılıçB. G.ŞenerŞ (2002). İlköğretim öğrencilerinde sınav kaygısı ve akademik başarı. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 9(2), 100–105.
46.
KumaranS.KadhiravanS. (2015). Personality and test anxiety of school students. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research, 4(2), 9–13.
47.
LiebertR. M.MorrisL. W. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20(3), 975–978. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1967.20.3.975
48.
LoweP. A.LeeS. W.WitteborgK. M.PrichardK. W.LuhrM. E.CullinanC. M.MildrenB. A.RaadJ. M.CorneliusR. A.JanikM. (2008). The test anxiety inventory for children and adolescents (TAICA): Examination of the psychometric properties of a new multidimensional measure of test anxiety among elementary and secondary school students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 26(3), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282907303760
49.
MarkusH. R.KitayamaS. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
50.
McClureE. B.BrennanP. A.HammenC.Le BrocqueR. M. (2001). Parental anxiety disorders, child anxiety disorders, and the perceived parent–child relationship in an Australian high-risk sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005260311313
51.
McDonaldA. S. (2001). The prevalence and effects of test anxiety in school children. Educational Psychology, 21(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410020019867
52.
MEB (2019). Milli eğitim bakanlığı ortaöğretime geçiş yönergesi. https://www.meb.gov.tr.
53.
MEB (2021). 2021 liselere geçiş sınavı (lgs) kapsamında ilk yerleştirme sonuçları. Eğitim Analiz ve Değerlendirme Raporları Serisi. No: 18.
54.
MöllerE. L.MajdandžićM.BögelsS. M. (2015). Parental anxiety, parenting behavior, and infant anxiety: Differential associations for fathers and mothers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(9), 2626–2637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0065-7
OwanV. J.BasseyB. A.IniE. S. (2020). Interactive effect of gender, test anxiety, and test items sequencing on academic-performance of SS3 students in mathematics in calabar education zone, cross river state, Nigeria. American Journal of Creative Education, 3(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.20448/815
57.
ÖnerN. (1990). Sınav kaygısı envanteri el kitabı. Yükseköğretimde Rehberliği Yayma Vakfı Yayını No:1.
58.
ÖzbayY.Mısırlı-TaşdemirÖ (2003). Çok boyutlu mükemmeliyetçilik ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Paper presentation]. VII. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, Malatya, Turkey.
59.
Peleg-PopkoO. (2002). Children's test anxiety and family interaction patterns. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 15(1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800290007281
Peleg-PopkoO.KlingmanA. (2002). Family environment, discrepancies between perceived actual and desirable environment, and children's test and trait anxiety. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 30(4), 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/0306988021000025646
62.
PutwainD.DalyA. L. (2014). Test anxiety prevalence and gender differences in a sample of English secondary school students. Educational Studies, 40(5), 554–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2014.953914
63.
PutwainD. W. (2009). Assessment and examination stress in key stage 4. British Educational Research Journal, 35(3), 391–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920802044404
64.
PutwainD. W.WoodsK. A.SymesW. (2010). Personal and situational predictors of test anxiety of students in post-compulsory education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(1), 137–160. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709909X466082
65.
RingeisenT.RaufelderD. (2015). The interplay of parental support, parental pressure and test anxiety–gender differences in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 45, 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.08.018
66.
RohsenowD. J.SmithR. E. (1982). Irrational beliefs as predictors of negative affective states. Motivation and Emotion, 6(4), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00998187
67.
SegoolN. K.CarlsonJ. S.GoforthA. N.Von Der EmbseN.BarterianJ. A. (2013). Heightened test anxiety among young children: Elementary school students’anxious responses to high-stakes testing. Psychology in the Schools, 50(5), 489–499. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21689
68.
SpielbergerC. D.VaggP. R. (1995). Test anxiety: A transactional process model. In SpielbergerC. D.VaggP. R. (Eds.), Test anxiety: Theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 3–13). Taylor & Francis.
69.
StoeberJ.OttoK. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295–319. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
70.
SullivanH. S. (2013). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. Routledge.
71.
TEDMEM (2017). Ortaöğretime geçiş” yerine ortaöğretimi yeniden düşünmek. tedmem.org.
72.
TrifoniA.ShahiniM. (2011). How does exam anxiety affect the performance of university students?Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2), 93–93.
73.
TudgeJ. R.MokrovaI.HatfieldB. E.KarnikR. B. (2009). Uses and misuses of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory of human development. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 1(4), 198–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2009.00026.x
74.
The Turkish Education Association (2010). Ortaöğretime ve yüksek öğretime geçiş sistemi. Duman Ofset.
75.
TürkümA. S. (2003). Akılcı olmayan inanç ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2(19), 41–47.
76.
von der EmbseN.JesterD.RoyD.PostJ. (2018). Test anxiety effects, predictors, and correlates: A 30-year meta-analytic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 483–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.048
77.
WhaleyS. E.PintoA.SigmanM. (1999). Characterizing interactions between anxious mothers and their children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 826–836. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.67.6.826
WongS. (2008). The relations of cognitive triad, dysfunctional attitudes, automatic thoughts, and ırrational beliefs with test anxiety. Current Psychology, 27(3), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-008-9033-y
80.
Woodruff-BordenJ.MorrowC.BourlandS.CambronS. (2002). The behavior of anxious parents: Examining mechanisms of transmission of anxiety from parent to child. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 364–374. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_08
81.
Yıldırımİ (2007). Depression, test anxiety and social support among turkish students preparing for the university entrance examination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), 29, 171–184.
