This research investigated the influence of child characteristics, parenting behaviours and teacher-child relationships in order to ascertain peer victimization among 297 Korean preschool children. Peer victimization, child social behaviours and teacher-child relationships were assessed through teacher reports. Parents completed parenting behaviour questionnaires. Results suggested independent contributions from neglectful/rejected parenting, aggression, withdrawal and conflict in teacher-child relationships. Moreover, parental neglect/rejection moderated the association between aggression and peer victimization. Implications of the results for intervention initiatives are discussed.
Abou-Ezzeddin, T., Schwartz, D., Chang, L., Lee-Shin, Y., Farver, J. and Xu, Y. (2007) `Positive Peer Relationships and Risk of Victimization in Chinese and South Korean Children's Peer Groups', Social Development16: 106-27.
2.
Aiken, L.S. and West, S.G. (1991) Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions , Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3.
Arnold, D.H., McWilliams, L. and Arnold, E.H. (1998) `Teacher Discipline and Child Misbehavior in Day Care: Untangling Causality with Correlational Data', Developmental Psychology34: 276-87.
4.
Birch, S. and Ladd, G. (1997) `The Teacher-Child Relationships and Children's Early School Adjustment', Journal of School Psychology35: 61-79.
5.
Bowers, L., Smith, P.K. and Binney, V. (1994) `Perceived Family Relationships of Bullies, Victims, and Bully/Victims in Middle Childhood', Journal of Social and Personal Relationships11: 215-32.
6.
Bretherton, I. (1985) `Attachment Theory: Retrospect and Prospect', in I. Bretherton and E. Waters (eds) Growing Points of Attachment Theory and Research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development50 (1-2, Serial No. 209).
7.
Chao, R.K. (1994) `Beyond Parental Control and Authoritarian Parenting Style: Understanding Chinese Parenting Through the Cultural Notion of Training' , Child Development65: 1111-19.
8.
Cheah, C.S.L. and Park, S.Y. (2006) `South Korean Mothers' Beliefs Regarding Aggression and Social Withdrawal in Preschoolers', Early Childhood Research Quarterly21: 61-75.
9.
Chen, X., Rubin, K.H. and Sun, Y. (1992) `Social Reputation and Peer Relationships in Chinese and Canadian Children: A Cross-Cultural Study', Child Development63: 1336-43.
10.
Clarke-Stewart, K.A., Lee, Y., Allhusen, V.D., Kim, M.S. and McDowell, D.J. (2006) `Observed Differences Between Early Childhood Programs in the US and Korea: Reflections of "Developmentally Appropriate Practices" in Two Cultural Contexts', Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology27: 427-43.
11.
Finnegan, R.A., Hodges, E.V.E. and Perry, D.G. (1998) `Victimization by Peers: Associations with Children's Reports of Mother-Child Interaction', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology75: 1076-86.
12.
French, L. and Song, M. (1998) `Developmentally Appropriate Teacher-Directed Approaches: Images from Korean Kindergarten', Journal of Curriculum Studies30: 409-30.
13.
Gray, M.R. and Steinberg, L. (1999) `Unpacking Authoritative Parenting: Reassessing a Multidimensional Construct', Journal of Marriage and the Family61: 574-87.
14.
Hamre, B.K., Pianta, R.C., Downer, J.T. and Mashburn, A.J. (2007) `Teachers' Perceptions of Conflict with Young Students: Looking Beyond Problem Behaviors', Social Development17: 115-36.
15.
Harkness, S. and Super, C.M. (2002) `Culture and Parenting', in M. H. Bornstein (ed.) Handbook of Parenting: Biology and Ecology of Parenting. Nahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
16.
Hart, C.H., Yang, C., Nelson, D.A., Robinson, C.C., Jin, S., Win, P., Olsen, S.F. and Newell, L.D. (2000) `Peer Acceptance in Early Childhood and Subtypes of Social Withdrawal Behavior in China, Russia, and the United States', International Journal of Behavioral Development24: 77-81.
17.
Hawker, D.S.J. and Boulton, M.J. (2000) `Twenty Years' Research on Peer Victimization and Psychosocial Adjustment: A Meta-Analytic Review of Cross-Sectional Studies' , Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry41: 441-55.
18.
Hodges, E.V.E., Malone, M.J. and Perry, D.G. (1997) `Individual Risks and Social Risk as Interacting Determinants of Victimization in the Peer Group', Developmental Psychology33: 1032-39.
19.
Howes, C. (2000) `Social-Emotional Classroom Climate in Child Care, Child- Teacher Relationships and Children's Second Grade Peer Relations', Social Development9: 191-204.
20.
Howes, C., Matheson, C.C. and Hamilton, C.E. (1994) `Maternal, Teacher and Child Care History Correlates of Children's Relationships with Peers', Child Development65: 264-72.
21.
Kilgore, K., Synder, J. and Lentz, C. (2000) `The Contribution of Parental Discipline, Parental Monitoring and School Risk to Early-Onset Conduct Problems in African American Boys and Girls', Developmental Psychology36: 835-45.
22.
Kim, K.Y. (1994) `The Effect of Self Monitoring and Shyness on Peer Popularity in Early Adolescence', unpublished thesis. Yonsei University, Korea.
23.
Kim, J. and Park, K.J. (2006) `Children's Aggression: Effect of Maternal Parenting Behaviors, Children's Social Information Processing, Daily Hassles, and Emotional Regulation', Korean Journal of Child Studies27: 149-68.
24.
Kim, U., Park, Y.S., Kwon, Y. and Koo, J. (2005) `Values of Children, Parent-Child Relationships, and Social Change in Korea: Indigenous, Cultural, and Psychological Analysis' , Applied Psychology: An International Review54: 338-54.
25.
Kochenderfer, B.J. and Ladd, G.W. (1996) `Peer Victimization: Manifestations and Relations to School Adjustment in Kindergarten', Journal of School Psychology34: 267-83.
26.
Kwon, Y.I. (2003) `A Comparative Analysis of Preschool Education in Korea and England', Comparative Education39: 479-91.
27.
Ladd, G.W. (1986) `Shifting Ecologies During the Five to Seven Year Period: Predicting Children's Adjustment to Grade School', in A. Sameroff and M. Haith (eds) The Five to Seven Year Shift. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
28.
Ladd, G.W. and Burgess, K.B. (2001) `Do Relational Risks and Protective Factors Moderate the Linkages Between Childhood Aggression and Early Psychological and School Adjustment?' Child Development72: 1579-601.
29.
Ladd, G.W. and Ladd, B.K. (1998) `Parenting Behaviors and Parent-Child Relationships: Correlates of Peer Victimization in Kindergarten?' Developmental Psychology34: 1450-58.
30.
LaFreniere, P.J. and Dumas, J.E. (1996) `Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation in Children Aged Three to Six: The Short Form', Psychological Assessment8: 369-77.
31.
LaFreniere, P.J. and Sroufe, L.A. (1985) `Profiles of Peer Competence in the Preschool: Interrelations Between Measures, Influence of Social Ecology, and Relation to Attachment History', Developmental Psychology21: 56-69.
32.
Lynch, M. and Cicchetti, D. (1992) `Maltreated Children's Reports of Related-ness to Their Teachers', in R. C. Pianta (ed.) Relationships Between Children and Non-Parental Adults: New Directions in Child Development. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
33.
Miller, N.B., Cowan, P.A., Cowan C.P., Hetherington, E.M. and Clingempeel. W.G. (1993) `Externalizing in Preschoolers and Early Adolescents: A Cross-Study Replication of a Family Model', Developmental Psychology29: 3-18.
34.
Olweus, D. (1978) Aggressive in the Schools: Bullies and Their Whipping Boys. Washington, DC: Hemisphere .
35.
Olweus, D. (1993) `Victimization by Peers: Antecedents and Long-Term Outcomes', in K. H. Rubin and J. B. Asendorf (eds) Social Withdrawal, Inhibition, and Shyness in Childhood. Hiilsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
36.
Ostrov, J.M. and Keating, C.F. (2004) `Gender Differences in Preschool Aggression During Free Play and Structures Interactions: An Observational Study', Social Development13: 255-77.
37.
Park, I.H. and Cho, L.J. (1995) `Confucianism and the Korean Family', Journal of Comparative Family Studies26: 117-34.
38.
Park, S.Y., Lee. S. R. and Park, Y.I. (2000) `The Relationship Between Mothers' Value and Parenting Attitudes and Children's Behavioral Inhibition', Journal of Korean Home Management Association18: 85-95.
39.
Patterson, G.R. (1982) Coercive Family Processes. Eugene, OR: Castilia.
40.
Pelligrini, A.D. and Blatchford, P. (2000) The Child at School. London : Arnold.
41.
Perry, D.G., Hodges, E.V. and Egan, S. (2001) `Determinants of Chronic Victimization by Peers: A Review and New Model of Family Influence', in J. Juvonen and S. Graham (eds) Peer Harassment in School: The Plight of the Vulnerable and Victimized. New York: Guilford Press.
42.
Pianta, R.C. and Steinberg, M. (1992) `Teacher-Child Relationships and the Process of Adjusting to School', New Directions for Child Development57: 61-80.
43.
Rohner, R.P. (2004) `The Parental "Acceptance-Rejection" Syndrome: Universal Correlates of Perceived Rejection', American Psychologist59: 830-40.
44.
Rohner, R.P. and Pettegill, S.M. (1985) `Perceived Parental Acceptance- Rejection and Parental Control Among Korean Adolescents', Child Development56: 524-28.
45.
Rutter, M. and Garmezy, N. (1983) `Developmental Psychopathology', in E. M. Hetherington (ed.) Handbook of Child Psychology: Socialization, Personality, and Social Development. New York: Wiley.
46.
Schneider, B.H., Attili, G., Vermigil, P.M. and Younger, A. (1997) `A Comparison of Middle-Class English-Canadian and Italian Mothers' Beliefs about Children's Peer-Directed Aggression and Social Withdrawal', International Journal of Behavioral Development21: 133-54.
47.
Schwartz, D. (2000) `Subtypes of Victims and Aggressors in Children's Peer Groups', Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology28: 181-92.
48.
Schwartz, D., Dodge, K.A., Pettit, G.S. and Bates, J.E. (1997) `The Early Socialization of Aggressive Victims of Bullying', Child Development68: 665-75.
49.
Schwartz, D., Farver, J.M., Chang, L. and Lee-Shin, Y. (2002) `Victimization in South Korean Children's Peer Groups', Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology30: 113-25
50.
Schwartz, D., McFadyen-Ketchum, S.A., Dodge, K.A., Pettit, G.S. and Bates, J.E. (1998) `Peer Group Victimization as a Predictor of Children's Behavior Problems at Home and in School', Developmental and Psychopathology10: 87-99.
51.
Shin, Y. (2007) `Peer Relationships, Social Behaviours, Academic Performance and Loneliness in Korean Primary School Children', School Psychology International28: 220-36.
52.
White, K.J. and Kistner, J. (1992) `The Influence of Teacher Feedback on Young Children's Peer Preferences and Perceptions', Developmental Psychology28: 933-40.
