In 2 Cor. 10–13, Paul tries to prove his authority as a reliable leader by using two different masculinity standards. Paul manifests his power and control over the Corinthian church members by using an image of paterfamilias (11.2-3; 12.14). Paternal control of others was an essential element of hegemonic masculinity in the Greco-Roman world. Moreover, Paul proves his manliness by revealing his endurance and submission to divine authority (11.21b–12.10) according to the Hellenistic Jewish masculinity. I argue that Paul is embedded in these different cultural assumptions regarding masculinity and that he refers to these assumptions to persuade Gentile and Jewish groups in the Corinthian church.
AndrewsScott B.1995 ‘Too Weak Not to Lead: The Form and Function of 2 Cor 11.23b-33’, NTS41: 263-76.
2.
BartchyS. Scott2003 ‘Who Should Be Called Father? Paul of Tarsus between the Jesus Tradition and Patria Potestas’, BTB33: 135-47.
3.
BrejiBé2006 ‘Vitae Necisque Potestas in Roman Declamation’, Advances in the History of Rhetoric9: 55-79.
4.
CantarellaEva2003 ‘Fathers and Sons in Rome’, CW96: 281-98.
5.
CarriganTim.ConnellR.W.LeeJohn1985 ‘Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity’, Theory and Society14: 551-604.
6.
CohenBoaz1951 ‘Peculium in Jewish and Roman Law’, PAAJR20: 135-234.
7.
CollinsAdela Yarbro2011 ‘Paul’s Disability: The Thorn in his Flesh’, in MossCandida R.SchipperJeremy (eds.), Disability Studies and Biblical Literature (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 165-83.
8.
CookD.1984 ‘Joseph and Aseneth’, in SparksH.F.D. (ed.), The Apocryphal Old Testament (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 465-504.
9.
CrookJohn1967 ‘Patria Potestas’, CQ17: 113-22.
10.
DutchRobert S.2005The Educated Elite in 1 Corinthians: Education and Community Conflict in Graeco-Roman Context (London: T&T Clark International).
11.
Evans GrubbsJudith2002Women and Law in the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and Widowhood (London: Routledge).
12.
FeeGordon D.1987The First Epistle to the Corinthians (NICNT; Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans).
13.
FurnishVictor Paul1984II Corinthians (AB, 32A; Garden City, NY: Doubleday).
14.
GardnerJane F.1998Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
15.
GarlandDavid E.1989 ‘Paul’s Apostolic Authority: The Power of Christ Sustaining Weakness (2 Corinthians 10–13)’, RevExp86: 371-89.
16.
GaventaBeverly Roberts2007Our Mother Saint Paul (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox).
17.
GordonW.M.RobinsonO.F1988The Institutes of Gaius (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).
18.
GleasonMaud W.1995Making Men: Sophists and Self-Presentation in Ancient Rome (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
19.
GrossmanMaxine L.2011 ‘Rethinking Gender in the Community Rule: An Experiment in Sociology’, in RoitmanAdolfo D.SchiffmanLawrence H.TzorefSchani (eds.), The Dead Sea Scrolls and Contemporary Culture: Proceedings of the International Conference Held at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem July 6–8, 2008 (Leiden: Brill): 497-512.
20.
HarkinsAngela Kim2018 ‘Ritualizing Jesus’ Grief at Gethsemane’, JSNT41.2: 177-203.
21.
HarrillJ. Albert2001 ‘Invective against Paul (2 Cor 10.10), the Physiognomies of the Ancient Slave Body, and the Greco-Roman Rhetoric of Manhood’, in CollinsAdela YarbroMitchellMargaret M. (eds.), Antiquity and Humanity: Essays on Ancient Religion and Philosophy Presented to Hans Dieter Betz on his 70th Birthday (Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck): 189-213.
22.
JonesC.P.1987 ‘Stigma: Tattooing and Branding in Graeco-Roman Antiquity’, JRS77: 139-55.
23.
LambrechtJan1997 ‘Strength in Weakness: A Reply to Scott B. Andrews’ Exegesis of 2 Cor 11.23b-33’, NTS43: 285-90.
MalherbeAbraham J.1983 ‘Antisthenes and Odysseus, and Paul at War’, HTR76: 143-73.
26.
MayordomoMoisés2011 ‘“ACT LIKE MEN!” (1 Cor 16:13): Paul’s Exhortation in Different Historical Contexts’, CrossCurrents61: 515-28.
27.
MermelsteinAri2017 ‘Emotion, Gender, and Greco-Roman Virtue in Joseph and Aseneth’, JSJ48: 331-62.
28.
MitchellMargaret M.2005 ‘Paul’s Letter to Corinth: The Interpretive Intertwining of Literary and Historical Reconstruction’, in SchowalterDaniel N.FriesenSteven J. (eds.), Urban Religion in Roman Corinth: Interdisciplinary Approaches (Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press): 307-38.
29.
MontserratDominic1996Sex and Society in Graeco-Roman Egypt (New York: Kegan Paul International).
30.
MooreStephen D.AndersonJanice Capel1998 ‘Taking it Like a Man: Masculinity in 4 Maccabees’, JBL117: 249-73.
31.
NewmanJudith H.2014 ‘Speech and Spirit: Paul and the Maskil as Inspired Interpreters of Scripture’, in FreyJörgLevisonJohn (eds.), The Holy Spirit, Inspiration, and the Cultures of Antiquity: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (Berlin: De Gruyter): 241-64.
32.
NewmanJudith H.2015 ‘Covenant Renewal and Transformational Scripts in the Performance of the Hodayot and 2 Corinthians’, in FreyJörgPopkesEnno Edzard (eds.), Jesus, Paulus und die Texte von Qumran (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck): 291-27.
33.
RobinsonBrian J.2018Being Subordinate Men: Paul’s Rhetoric of Gender and Power in 1 Corinthians (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books–Fortress Academic).
34.
RoetzelCalvin J.2009 ‘The Language of War (2 Cor. 10:1-6) and the Language of Weakness (2 Cor. 11:21b–13:10)’, BibInt17: 77-99.
35.
SallerRichard P.1999 ‘Paterfamilias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household’, CP94: 182-97.
36.
SchellenbergRyan S.2018 ‘Did Paul Refuse an Offer of Support from the Corinthians?’, JSNT 40.3: 312-36.
37.
ShawBrent D.1996 ‘Body/Power/Identity: Passions of the Martyrs’, JECS4: 269-312.
38.
ShiWenhua2008Paul’s Message of the Cross as Body Language (WUNT, 2.254; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck).
39.
StewartEric C.2016 ‘Masculinity in the New Testament and Early Christianity’, BTB46: 91-102.
40.
SumneyJerry L.1989 ‘The Role of Historical Reconstructions of Early Christianity in Identifying Paul’s Opponents’, PRSt16: 45-53.
41.
SumneyJerry L.1990Identifying Paul’s Opponents: The Question of Method in 2 Corinthians (Sheffield: JSOT Press).
42.
SumneyJerry L.1993 ‘Paul’s “Weakness”: An Integral Part of his Conception of Apostleship’, JSNT52: 71-91.
43.
SvebakkenHans2012Philo of Alexandria’s Exposition of the Tenth Commandment (Studia Philonica Annual and Monographs; Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature).
44.
WatsonAlan1985The Digest of Justinian (vol. 1.; Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
