The Measurement and Interpretation of Aerobic Fitness in Children: Current Issues

Thoden J.S. . Testing aerobic power. In: MacDougall J.D. , Wenger H.A. , Green H.J. eds. Physiological Testing of the Performance Athlete. Champaign, Il: Human Kinetics, 1991: 107–74

Astrand P.O. , Rodahl K. . Textbook of Work Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986

Hill A.V. . Muscular Activity. London: Baillière, Tindall & Cox, 1925

Hill A.V. , Long C.N.H. , Lupton H. . Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilization of oxygen. Part IV-VIII. Proc R Soc Lond 1924; B97: 84–138, 155–76

Noakes T.D. . Implications of exercise testing for prediction of athletic performance: A contemporary perspective. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20: 319–30

Myers J. , Walsh D. , Sullivan M. , Froelicher V. . Effect of sampling on variability and plateau in oxygen uptake. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 404–10

Taylor H.L. , Buskirk E.R. , Henschel A. . Maxima] oxygen intake as an objective measure of cardiorespiratory performance. J Appl Physiol 1955; 8: 73–80

Mitchell J.H. , Sproule B.J. , Chapman C.B. . The physiological meaning of the maximum oxygen intake test. J Clin Invest 1958; 37: 538–47

Shephard R.J. . The working capacity of school children. In: Shephard R.J. , ed. Frontiers of Fitness. Springfield, Il: Charles C Thomas, 1971: 319–45

Armstrong N. , Williams J. , Balding J. , Gentle P. , Kirby B. . The peak oxygen uptake of British children with reference to age, sex and sexual maturity. Eur J Appl Physiol 1991; 62: 369–75

Baxter-Jones A. , Goldstein H. , Helms P. . The development of aerobic power in young athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 1993; 75: 1160–7

Docherty D. , Gaul C.A. . Relationship of body size, physique and composition to physical performance in young boys and girls. Int J Sports Med 1991; 12: 525–32

Ritmeester J.W. , Kemper H.C.G. , Verschuur R. . Is a levelling-off criterion in oxygen uptake a prerequisite for a maximal performance in teenagers? In: Binkhorst R.A. , Kemper H.C.G. , Saris W.H.M. , eds. Children and Exercise XL Champaign, Il: Human Kinetics, 1985: 161–9

Eakin B.L. , Serwer G.A. , Rosenthal A. . Sex differences in oxygen consumption and heart rate plateau characteristics at maximal exercise in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27(Suppl): S116

Astrand P.O. . Experimental Studies of Physical Working Capacity in Relation to Sex and Age. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1952

Kemper H.C.G. . Is leg muscle mass decisive in reaching a plateau in oxygen uptake during maximal treatmill running? Analysis of data from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study. Am J Hum Biol 1994; 6: 437–44

Armstrong N. , Welsman J. . Assessment and interpretation of aerobic fitness in children and adolescents. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1994; 22: 435–76

Cooper D.M. , Weiler-Ravell D. , Whipp B.J. , Wasserman K. . Aerobic parameters of exercise as a function of body size during growth in children. J Appl Physiol 1984; 56: 628–34

Cunningham D.A. , MacFarlane B. , Waterschoot V. , Paterson D.H. , Lefcoe M. , Sangal S.P. . Reliability and reproducibility of maximal oxygen uptake measurement in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1977; 9: 104–8

Rivera-Brown A.M. , Rivera M.A. , Frontera W. . Applicability of criteria for VO_2max in active adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1994; 4: 331–9

Rivera-Brown A.M. , Rivera M.A. , Frontera W. . Achievement of VO_2max criteria in adolescent runners: Effects of testing protocol. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1994; 6: 236–45

Armstrong N. , McManus A. , Welsman J. . The assessment of aerobic fitness in children. Br J Phys Educ 1994; Summer: 9–11

Armstrong N. , Welsman J.R. , Winsley R.J. . In prepubertal girls can peak VO₂ be considered a true VO_2max despite the absence of a VO₂ plateau? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27(Suppl): S111

Armstrong N. , Welsman J. , Winsley R. . Is peak VO₂ a maximal index of children's aerobic fitness? Int J Sports Med (in press)

Rowland T.W. . Does peak VO₂ reflect VO_2max in children? Evidence from supramaximal testing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 689–93

Armstrong N. , Kirby B. , McManus A. , Welsman J. . Aerobic fitness of pre-pubescent children. Ann Hum Biol 1995; 22: 427–41

Krahenbuhl G.S. , Skinner J.S. , Kohrt W.M. . Development aspects of maximal aerobic power in children. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 1985; 13: 503–38

Rowland T.W. . Oxygen uptake and endurance fitness in children: A developmental perspective. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1989; 1: 313–28

Rowland T.W. . Aerobic exercise testing protocols: In: Rowland T.W. , ed. Pediatric Laboratory Exercise Testing. Champaign, Il: Human Kinetics, 1993: 19–42

Boileau R.A. , Bonen A. , Heyward V.H. , Massey B.H. . Maximal aerobic capacity on the treadmill and bicycle ergometer of boys 11–14 years of age. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1977; 17: 153–62

Rowland T.W. , Staab J.S. , Unnithan V.B. , Rambusch J.M. , Siconolfi S.F. . Mechanical efficiency during cycling in prepubertal and adult males. Int J Sports Med 1990; 11: 452–5

Cumming G.R. , Hastman L. , McCort J. , McCullough S. . High serum lactates do occur in children after maximal work. Int J Sports Med 1980; 1: 66–9

Sunnegardh J. , Bratteby L.E. . Maximal oxygen uptake, anthropometry and physical activity in a randomly selected sample of 8 and 13 year old children in Sweden. Eur J Appl Physiol 1987; 56: 266–72

Williams J.R. , Armstrong N. , Kirby B.J. . The influence of the site of sampling and assay medium upon the interpretation of blood lactate responses to exercise. J Sports Sci 1992; 10: 95–107

Welsman J. , Armstrong N. . Post-exercise blood lactates. In: Van Praagh E. , ed. Anaerobic Performance in Children and Adolescents. Champaign, Il: Human Kinetics (in press)

Williams J.R. , Armstrong N. . The influence of age and sexual maturation on children's blood lactate responses to exercise. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1991; 3: 333–41

Tanner J.M. . Fallacy of per-weight and per-surface area standards and their relation to spurious correlation. J Appl Physiol 1949; 2: 1–15

Winter E. . Partitioning out differences in size. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1992; 4: 296–301

Nevill A. , Ramsbottom R. , Williams C. . Scaling physiological measurements for individuals of different body size. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992; 65: 110–17

Katch V.L. . Use of the oxygen/body weight ratio in correlational analyses: Spurious correlations and statistical considerations. Med Sci Sports 1973; 5: 252–7

Katch V.L. , Katch F.I. . Use of weight adjusted oxygen uptake scores that avoid spurious correlations. Res Q 1974; 45: 447–51

Winter E.M. , Brookes F.B.C. , Hamley E.J. . Maximal exercise performance and lean leg volume in men and women. J Sports Sci 1991; 9: 3–13

Eston R.G. , Robson S. , Winter E.M. . A comparison of oxygen uptake during running in children and adults. In: Duquet J.W. , Day J.A.P. , eds. Kinanthropometry IV. London: E & F Spon, 1993: 236–41

Williams J. , Armstrong N. , Crichton N. , Winter E. . Changes in peak oxygen uptake with age and sexual maturation in boys: Physiological fact or statistical anomaly. In: Coudert J. , Van Praagh E. , eds. Children and Exercise XVI. Paris: Masson, 1992: 35–7

Welsman J.R. , Armstrong N. , Nevill A.M. , Winter E.M. , Kirby B.J. . Scaling peak VO₂ for differences in body size. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28(2)

Toth M.J. , Goran M.I. , Ades P.A. , Howard D.B. , Poehlman E.T. . Examination of data normalization procedures for expressing peak VO₂ data. J Appl Physiol 1993; 75: 2288–92

Nindl B.C. , Mahar M.T. , Harman E.A. , Patton J.F. . Lower and upper body anaerobic performance in male and female adolescent athletes. Med Sci Sports Excerc 1995; 27: 235–41

Schmidt-Nielsen K. . Scaling: Why is Annimal Size so Important? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994

Nevill A. . The need to scale for differences in body size and mass: An explanation of Kleiber's 0.75 mass exponent. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77: 2870–3

McMiken D.F. . Maximum aerobic power and physical dimensions of children. Ann Hum Biol 1976; 3: 141–7

Paterson D.H. , McLellan T.M. , Stella R.S. , Cunningham D.A. . Longitudinal study of ventilation threshold and maximal O₂ uptake in athletic boys. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: 2051–7

Shephard R.J. . Physical Activity and Growth. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1982

Shephard R.J. . Aerobic Fitness and Health. Champaign, Il: Human Kinetics, 1994: 274–6

Bar-Or O. . Pediatric Sports Medicine for the Practitioner. New York: Springer Verlag, 1983

Alexander RMcN , Jayes A.S. , Maloiy G.M.O. , Wathuta E.M. . Allometry of the leg muscles of mammals. J Zoo Soc Land 1981; 194: 539–52

Nevill A.M. . Evidence of an increasing proportion of leg muscle mass to body mass in male adolescents and its implication for performance. J Sports Sci 1994; 12: 163–4

Welsman J. , Armstrong N. . The interpretation of peak volume oxygen (VO₂) in prepubertal children. In: Ring F.J. , ed. Children in Sport. Bath: Centre for Continuing Education, 1995: 64–9