This article examines five surprising and historically contingent coincidences, pertaining separately to land, capital, labor, entrepreneurship, and technological innovation, whose concurrence and confluence go a long way toward explaining China’s remarkable record of development in the past thirty-five years. They also reveal the roots of the problems that have accompanied that development: gross social inequality, a persistent and oppressive bureaucracy, and a drastic environmental crisis.
BaiChong-EnHsiehChang-TaiQianYingyi (2006) “The return to capital in China.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, v. 2006, no. 2: 62-88. Published by the Brookings Institution.
Gao Bai 高柏 (2006) “新发展主义与古典发展主义——中国模式与日本模式的比较分析” (New and classical developmentalism: a comparative analysis of the Chinese and Japanese models). 社会学研究1: 114–38.
13.
“Guojia tongjiju cheng” (2007) 国家统计局称中国有8千万中产 专家不同意 (The State Statistical Bureau says China has 80 million people in the middle class; specialists disagree). 星岛环球网, Dec. 27. www.stnn.cc:82/china/200712/t20071227_702070.html.
14.
Hong Liangji 洪亮吉 (1877 [1793]) “治平篇” (Chapter on “Reign of peace”), “生计篇” (Chapter on “Livelihood”). 洪北江先生全集, 第1卷第1部, 无出版处.
15.
HuangPhilip C. C. (1990) The Peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta, 1350–1988. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
16.
HuangPhilip C. C. (1996) Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
17.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2002) “Development or involution? Eighteenth-century Britain and China.” J. of Asian Studies 61, 2 (May): 501–38.
18.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2009) “China’s neglected informal economy: reality and theory.” Modern China 35, 4 (July): 405–38.
19.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2010a) Chinese Civil Justice, Past and Present. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
20.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2010b) “Beyond the right-left divide: searching for reform from the history of practice.” Modern China 36, 1 (Jan.): 115–33.
21.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2011a) “The theoretical and practical implications of China’s development experience: informal economic practices.” Modern China 37, 1 (Jan.): 3–43.
22.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2011b) “Chongqing: equitable development driven by a ‘third hand’?” Modern China 37, 6 (Nov.): 569–622.
23.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2011c) “The modern Chinese family: in light of social and economic history.” Modern China 37, 5 (Sept.): 459–97.
24.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2012) “Profit-making state firms and China’s development experience: “state capitalism” or “socialist market economy?” Modern China 38, 6 (Nov.): 591–629.
25.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2013) “Misleading Chinese legal and statistical categories: labor, individual entities, and private enterprises.” Modern China 39, 4 (July): 347–80.
26.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2014) “Is ‘family farms’ the way to develop Chinese agriculture?” Rural China 11, 2: 189–221.
27.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2015) “Morality and law in China, past and present.” Modern China 41, 1 (Jan.): 3–39.
28.
HuangPhilip C. C.GaoYuan (2015) “Should social science and jurisprudence imitate natural science?” Modern China 41, 2 (Mar.): 131-67.
29.
HuangPhilip C. C.GaoYuanPengYusheng (2012) “Capitalization without proletarianization in Chinese agriculture.” Modern China 38, 2 (Mar.): 139–73.
Huang Zongzhi 黄宗智 [HuangPhilip C. C.] (n.d.) 连接实践与理论: 中国社会、经济、与法律的历史与现实研究 (Linking practice to theory: studies in the past and present of Chinese society, economy, and law). 北京: 法律出版社.
33.
ZongzhiHuang(2014a) 明清以来的乡村社会经济变迁: 历史、理论与现实 (Rural social-economic change in China since the Ming and Qing: history, theory, and present reality). 三卷本 (增订版). 第一卷《华北的小农经济与社会变迁》; 第二卷《长江三角洲的小农家庭与乡村发展》; 第三卷《超越左右: 从实践历史探寻中国农村发展出路》. 北京: 法律出版社.
34.
ZongzhiHuang(2014b) 清代以来民事法律的表达与实践 (Representation and practice of civil justice in China since the Qing). 三卷本 (增订版). 第一卷《清代的法律、社会与文化: 民法的表达与实践》; 第二卷《法典、习俗与司法实践: 清代与民国的比较》; 第三卷《过去与现在: 中国民事法律实践的探索》. 北京: 法律出版社.
35.
Huang Zongzhi and Gao Yuan 高原 (2013) “中国农业资本化的动力: 公司、国家、还是农户?” (The dynamic behind the capitalization of Chinese agriculture: firms, the state, or the peasant household?). 中国乡村研究 (Rural China: An International Journal of History and Social Science) 10, 1: 36–65.
36.
ZongzhiHuangWeigang 龚为纲GongYuan 高原Gao (2014) “‘项目制’的运作机制和效果是‘合理化’吗?” (Do the operative mechanisms and effects of “[governance by] project grants” amount to “rationalization?”). 开放时代5: 148–59.
37.
ZongzhiHuangYusheng 彭玉生Peng (2007) “三大历史性变迁的交汇与中国小规模农业的前景” (Confluence of three historic tendencies and the future prospects for small-scale agriculture in China). 中国社会科学4: 74–88.
38.
KornaiJanos (1980) Economics of Shortage. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.
39.
KornaiJanos (1992) The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
MontinolaGabriellaQianYingyiWeingastBarry R. (1995) “Federalism Chinese style: the political basis for economic success in China.” World Politics48 (Oct.): 50–81.
47.
NaughtonBarry (2007) The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
48.
NorthDouglass C. (1981) Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: W. W. Norton.
49.
NorthDouglass C. (1993) “Douglass North Nobel lecture.”www.nobelprize.org.
50.
OiJean (1992) “Fiscal reform and the economic foundations of local state corporatism in China.” World Politics 45, 1 (Oct.): 99–126.
51.
OiJean (1999) Rural China Takes Off: Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
52.
QianYingyiRolandGérard (1998) “Federalism and the soft budget constraint.” American Economic Rev. 88, 5 (Dec.): 1143–62.
53.
QianYingyiWeingastBarry R. (1997) “Federalism as a commitment to preserving market incentives.” J. of Economic Perspectives 11, 4 (Fall): 83–92.
Ran 陶然TaoHui 汪晖Wang (2010) “中国尚未完成之转型中的土地制度改革: 挑战与出路” (The reform of the land system in China’s unfinished transition: challenges and the way out). 国际经济评论, 第2期（上）、（下）. www.usc.cuhk.edu.hk.
61.
Ran 陶然TaoXi 陆曦LuFubing 苏福兵SuHui 汪晖Wang (2009) “地区竞争格局演变下的中国转轨: 财政激励和发展模式反思——对改革30年高增长的政治经济学再考察和来自‘土地财政’视角的证据” (The changing structure of local competition in China’s transition: reflections on financial incentives and the model of development—a political-economic reexamination of rapid development and evidence from the angle of “land financing”). 经济研究 7. www.usc.cuhk.edu.hk.
62.
Tianze jingji yanjiusuo 天则经济研究所土地问题课题组 (2007) “城市化背景下土地产权的实施和保护” (Implementation and protection of land property rights seen against the background of urbanization). www.unirule.org.cn/Secondweb/Article.asp?ArticleID=2516.
WalderAndrew (1995) “Local governments as industrial firms: an organizational analysis of China’s transitional economy.” Amer. J. of Sociology 101, 2 (Sept.): 263–301.
65.
Hansheng 王汉生WangYige 王一鸽Wang (2009) “目标管理责任制: 农村基层政权的实践逻辑” (The targeted responsibility administrative system: the logic of practice of basic level rural political authority). 社会学研究2: 61–92.
Xiao Gang 肖钢 (2011) 百年中行新变革: 市场化与人本化的人力资源管理 (New changes in the centurial Bank of China: marketization and the-people-come-first in human resource management). 北京: 中信出版社.
