This case study of the cooperative movement in Dongfengren village, Xiyang county, Shanxi province, during 1944 shows that interactions between the state's voluntarist and idealistic policies and peasants' resistance grounded in their traditional values and practices produced the hybrid revolutionary processes that characterized the party-state's penetration into the village during the wartime period. Widespread peasant resistance compelled outside cadres to introduce various incentives similar to those applied in the 1950s to sustain the cooperative movement.
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