The Racial Politics of Urban Street Gangs

Frederic M. Thrasher, The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago, abridged edition (Chicago, 1963), 152, 177, 20, 22.

Ernest W. Burgess , "The Growth of the City," in Robert E. Park , Ernest W. Burgess , and Roderick D. MacKenzie , eds., The City ( Chicago, 1925), 54.

Partha Chaterjee , The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World (New York, 2005), 7; Thomas J. Sugrue , The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, NJ, 1996), 9.

Andrew J. Diamond , "Rethinking Culture on the Streets: Agency, Masculinity, and Style in the American City," Journal of Urban History 27 (2001): 674.

Eric C. Schneider , Vampires, Dragons, and Egyptian Kings: Gangs in Postwar New York ( Princeton, NJ, 1999), 224. Mike Davis tells essentially the same narrative as Hagedorn, set in L.A. in City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York, 1990), 297-300.

Walter Johnson , "On Agency," Journal of Social History 37 (2003): 118.

Arnold Hirsch , Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago 1940-1960 ( Chicago, 1983), 40-99.

Steven Hahn , A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South since Reconstruction (Cambridge, UK, 2003), 3.

Michael B. Katz , "What Is an American City?" Dissent (Summer 2009): 23; Davis, City of Quartz, 104.

Brenda C. Coughlin and Sudhir A. Venkatesh , "The Urban Street Gang after 1970," Annual Review of Sociology 29 (2003): 51.

Loïc Wacquant, Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity (Durham, NC, 2009), xviii, 1. Other important accounts include Matthew Flamm, Law and Order: Street Crime, Civil Unrest, and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 2005); David Garland, The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society (Chicago, 2001); Marie Gottschalk, The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America (New York, 2006); Jonathan Simon, Governing through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear (New York, 2007); Vesla M. Weaver, "Frontlash: Race and the Development of Punitive Crime Policy," Studies in American Political Development 21 (2007): 230-65.

Michael B. Katz , Mark J. Stern , and Jamie J. Fader , "The New African American Inequality," Journal of American History 92 (2005): 107; Bruce Western , "Mass Imprisonment and Economic Inequality," Social Research 74 ( 2007): 516, figure 3.

Elijah Anderson , Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City (New York, 1999).

Loïc Wacquant , Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality (Cambridge, UK, 2008), 286.

Matthew Frye Jacobson , Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA, 2003), 11; Lisa Levenstein , A Movement without Marches: African American Women and the Politics of Poverty in Postwar Philadelphia (Chapel Hill, NC, 2009), 4.

Katz et al., "New African American Inequality," 76; Robert O. Self, American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Post-War Oakland ( Princeton, NJ, 2003).