Leonard Wallock, "Work and the Workplace in the City: Towards a Synthesis of the New Labor and Urban History," in American Urbanism: A Historiographic Review, ed. Howard Gillette Jr. and Zane L. Miller (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987), 73-97. The difficulties in delimiting and defining the field of urban history has been addressed by Timothy Gilfoyle, "White Cities, Linguistic Turns, and Disneylands: The New Paradigms of Urban History," Reviews in American History 26 (March 1998): 175-204.
2.
David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York: Verso: 1991).
3.
On the strike see Robert V. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1989 [1959]); Philip S. Foner, The Great Labor Uprising of 1877 (New York: Monad Press, 1977).
4.
The best work on the impact of railroads on nineteenth-century urban life remains, John Kellett’s study of English towns, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969). An excellent analysis of social conflict engendered by the use of the streets is Christine Stansell, "Women, Children and the Uses of the Streets: Class and Gender Conflict in New York City, 1850-1860," Feminine Studies 8, no. 2 (Summer 1982): 309-35.
5.
Richard Schneirov , "Chicago’s Great Upheaval of 1877,"Chicago History (1980):3-17.
6.
Stanley Buder, Pullman: An Experiment in Industrial Order and Community Planning (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); Carl Smith, Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007); James B. Gilbert, Perfect Cities Chicago Utopias of 1893 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
7.
William H. Harris, Keeping the Faith: A. Philip Randolph, Milton P. Webster and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977).
8.
The practice of reserving by race, ethnicity, and gender certain occupations and jobs-"labor market segmentation"-is an important subject that has attracted considerable scholarly interest. Perhaps the best general discussion of the subject is David Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich, Segmentation of Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
9.
John Kenneth Galbraith, American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power ( Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952).
10.
Henry J. Holzer and Demetra Smith Nightingale, eds., Reshaping the American Workforce in a Changing Economy (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2007).
