See, for example, Peter N. Stearns, “The Old Social History and the New,” in Mary Kupiec Cayton, Elliott J. Gorn, and Peter Williams, eds., The Encyclopedia of American Social History (New York, 1993), I, 237-50.
2.
Samuel Walker, Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice, 2d ed. (New York, 1998), esp. 180-210.
3.
Roger Lane, Policing the City: Boston, 1822-1885 (Cambridge, MA, 1967); Roger Lane, Violent Death in the City: Suicide, Accident, and Murder in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Cambridge, MA, 1979); Eric H. Monkkonen, The Dangerous Class: Crime and Poverty in Columbus, Ohio, 1860-1885 ( Cambridge, MA, 1975); Eric H. Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 1850-1920 (Cambridge, 1981). Other seminal works first published between 1969 and 1981 include Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (New York, 1975); Lawrence M. Friedman and Robert V. Percival, The Roots of Justice: Crime and Punishment in Alameda County, California, 1870-1910 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1981); Michael S. Hindus, Prison and Plantation: Crime, Justice, and Authority in Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1767-1878 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1980); Anthony M. Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic ( Boston, 1971); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston, 1980); Steven L. Schlossman, Love and the American Delinquent: The Theory and Practice of “Progressive” Juvenile Justice, 1825-1920 (Chicago, 1977); Samuel Walker, A Critical History of Police Reform (Lexington, MA, 1977).
4.
Groundbreaking works from this period include James Gilbert, A Cycle of Outrage: America's Reaction to the Juvenile Delinquent in the 1950s (New York, 1986); Roger Lane, Roots of Violence in Black Philadelphia, 1860-1900 (Cambridge, MA, 1986); Allen Steinberg, The Transformation of Criminal Justice: Philadelphia, 1800-1880 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1989).
5.
As examples, see Roger Lane, Murder in America: A History ( Columbus, OH, 1997); Eric H. Monkkonen, Murder in New York City (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2001). Further evidence of a miniature boom in the subfield comes from the fact that the Ohio State University Press established its “History of Crime and Criminal Justice Series” that published nineteen books between 1997 and 2005. See http://www.ohiostatepress.org/Books/Series%20Pages/ccj.htm (accessed October 26, 2005).
6.
The four offenses that the FBI monitors through its Uniform Crime Reporting program—murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault—occurred at a rate of 465.5 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004, down from a peak of 758.2 per 100,000 in 1991. See Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crimes in the United States 2004, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/violent_crime/index.html (accessed October 25, 2005); Bureau of Justice Statistics, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics (2003), pp. 278-79, http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/ (accessed October 25, 2005).
7.
Ted Robert Gurr, “ Historical Trends in Violent Crime: A Critical Review of the Evidence,” in Michael Tonry and Norval Morris, eds., Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, vol. 3 (Chicago , 1981), 295-353.
8.
Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia, 1985); Vicki L. Ruiz, From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1998).
