Robert Fishman, “ The Metropolitan Tradition in American Planning,” in Robert Fishman, ed., The American Planning Tradition: Culture and Policy (Washington, DC, 2000); Gunther Barth, City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1980); Sam Bass Warner, The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of its Growth (Philadelphia, 1968).
2.
On the “classic” “Chicago School” image of the city as “a way of life” with a distinctive urban form, including a “zone of emergence,” see Richard Sennett, ed., Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities (Englewood Cliffs, 1969).
3.
William H. Wilson, The City Beautiful Movement (Baltimore, 1989); John A. Peterson, The Birth of City Planning in the United States, 1840-1917 (Baltimore, 2003).
4.
Jan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages: A Study of the Forms of Life, Thought, and Art in France and the Netherlands in the Dawn of the Renaissance ( New York, 1954).
5.
On the “City Efficient,” and the role of businessmen, see Martin J. Schiesl, The Politics of Efficiency: Municipal Administration and Reform in America: 1880-1920 (Berkeley, 1977); and Mansel G. Blackford, The Lost Dream: Businessmen and City Planning on the Pacific Coast, 1890-1920 (Columbus, 1993).
6.
Homer Hoyt, One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago: The Relationship of the Growth of Chicago to the Rise in the Land Values, 1830-1933 ( Chicago, 1933).
7.
On the “City as a Whole,” see Robert B. Fairbanks, Making Better Citizens: Housing Reform and the Community Development Strategy in Cincinnati, 1890-1960 (Urbana, 1988); also, Michael H. Ebner and Eugene M. Tobin, eds., The Age of Urban Reform: New Perspectives on the Progressive Era (New York, 1977 ).
8.
Fogelson's Chapter 2, “Derailing the Subways: The Politics of Rapid Transit,” is perhaps one of the most detailed explorations of the failed efforts of American cities to use subway technology to battle congestion.
9.
John F. Bauman and Edward K. Muller , Before Renaissance: Urban Planning in Pittsburgh, 1889-1943 (Pittsburgh, 2006).
10.
Joseph Heathcott's“The Whole City Is Our Laboratory”: Harland Bartholomew and the Production of Urban Knowledge,” in Journal of Planning History4 (2005), 32-355; on African-Americans in the city, Joe William Trotter, Black Milwaukee: The Making of an Industrial Proletariate, 1915-1945 ( Urbana, 1985); and Charles E. Connerly, “The Most Segregated City in America”: City Planning and Civil Rights in Birmingham, 1920-1980 (Virginia, 2005 ).
11.
Bauman and Muller, Before Renaissance; Gelfand, A Nation of Cities.
12.
On Bauer, see Gail Radford, Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era (Chicago, 1996).
13.
Christine M. Boyer, Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of AmericanCity Planning (Cambridge, 1983)
14.
David Schuyler , A City Transformed: Redevelopment, Race, and Suburbanization in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1940-1980 ( University Park, 2002); Victor Gruen, The Heart of Our Cities: The Urban Crisis: Diagnosis and Cure (New York , 1964).
15.
See Arnold R. Hirsch,” Choosing Segregation: Federal Housing Policy Between Shelly and Brown,” and Raymond Mohl, “Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Housing Policy in the Age of Limits,” both in John F. Bauman, Roger Biles, and Kristin Szylvian, From the Tenements to the Taylor Homes: In Search of an Urban Housing Policy in Twentieth-Century America (University Park, 2000).
16.
Bernard Frieden and Lynne B. Sagalyn, Downtown, Inc. ( Cambridge, 1989); David Harvey, “Urban Places in the `Global Village': Reflections on the Urban Condition in Late-Twentieth-Century Capitalism,” in Luigi Mazza, ed., World Cities and the Future of the Metroples: International Participations (Milan, 1988); Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis , 1984).
