This article presents a Governance Typology comprising philosophical and practical theoretical elements which compose four ideal-types found in dominant Western political theory, what we label Institutional, Holographic, Atomistic, and Fragmented governance types. Then a fifth synthesis type is articulated, Integrative Governance, which is based on relational process ontology derived from alternative sources. The article then makes the argument that Integrative Governance is fitting in terms of the contemporary context and leading edge theory and addresses important critiques of the other governance types. In closing, the article affirms Integrative Governance and argues it is a more fruitful grounding for global governance and a more sustainable future.
AmoahL. G. A. (2012). Constructing a new public administration in Africa: Reflections on philosophical clarity and the process-orientation turn. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 34, 385-406
2.
AmoahL. G. A. (2010). Public policy formation in Africa: Toward a grounded ontology. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 32, 606-610.
3.
BeemanC.BlenkinsopS. (2008). Might diversity also be ontological? Considering Heidegger, Spinoza and indigeneity in educative practice. Encounters on Education, 9(Fall), 95-107.
4.
BinghamL. B.NabatchiT.O’LearyR. (2005). The new governance: Practices and processes for stakeholder and citizen participation in the work of government. Public Administration Review, 65, 547-558.
5.
BoxR. C. (1998). Citizen governance: Leading American communities into the 21st century. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
6.
BoxR. C. (2005). Critical social theory in public administration. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
7.
BoxR. C. (2008). Making a difference: Progressive values in public administration. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
8.
BoxR. C. (Ed.). (2009). Public administration and society: Critical issues in American governance (2nd ed.). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
9.
BoxR. C.MarshallG. S.ReedB. J.ReedC. M. (2001). New public management and substantive democracy. Public Administration Review, 61, 608-619.
10.
BriggM. (2007). Biopolitics meets terrapolitics: Political ontologies and governance in settler-colonial Australia. Australian Journal of Political Science, 42, 403-417.
11.
BroddJ. (2003). World religions. Winona, MN: Saint Mary’s Press.
12.
CandlerG. G.VentrissC. (2006). Introduction to the symposium: The destiny of theory: Beyond the new science of organizations. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 28, 495-500.
13.
CapraF. (1999). The Tao of physics: An exploration of the parallels between modern physics and eastern mysticism. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications. (Original work published 1975)
14.
CarlssonI.RamphalS. (1995). Our global neighborhood: The report of the commission on global governance. Oxford, UK: The Commission on Global Governance.
15.
CatlawT. J. (2005). Constitution as executive order: The administrative state and the political ontology of we the people. Administration & Society, 37, 445-482.
16.
CatlawT. J. (2006). Authority, representation, and the contradictions of post-traditional governing. American Review of Public Administration, 36, 261-287.
17.
CatlawT. J. (2007a). Fabricating the people: Politics & administration in the biopolitical state. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
18.
CatlawT. J. (2007b). From representations to compositions: Governance beyond the three-sector society. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 29, 225-259.
19.
CatlawT. J. (2008). Frederick Thayer and the structural transformation of the public sphere. Administration & Society, 40, 358-383.
20.
CatlawT. J.JordanG. M. (2009). Public administration and “The Lives of Others”: Toward an ethics of collaboration. Administration & Society, 41, 290-312.
21.
ChristC. P. (2003). She who changes: Reimagining the divine in the world. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
22.
ClarkB. (1998). Political economy: A comparative approach (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
23.
CoxR. W. (1995). Critical political economy. In HettneB. (Ed.), International political economy: Understanding global disorder (pp. 31-45). Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Fernwood Publishing.
24.
CrowleyT. (1997). An introduction to historical linguistics (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
25.
DahlR. A. (1998). On democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
DavisJ. B. (2003). The theory of the individual in economics: Identity and value. New York, NY: Routledge.
28.
deLeonP. (1992). The democratization of the policy sciences. Public Administration Review, 52, 125-129.
29.
DenhardtJ. V.DenhardtR. B. (2003). The new public service: Serving, not steering. New York, NY: M. E. Sharp.
30.
DenhardtJ. V.DenhardtR. B. (2007). The new public service: Serving, not steering (Expanded ed.). New York, NY: M. E. Sharp.
31.
DenhardtR. B. (1981). Toward a critical theory of public organization. Public Administration Review, 43, 174-179.
32.
DenhardtR. B. (2000). Theories of public organization (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Harcourt Brace.
33.
DenhardtR. B.GrubbsJ. W. (1999). Public administration: An action orientation (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Harcourt Brace.
34.
DeweyJ. (1957). The public and its problems. Chicago, IL: Swallow Press.
35.
DeweyJ. (1999). Individualism old and new. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
36.
DryzekJ. S. (1990). Discursive democracy: Politics, policy, and political science. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
37.
DryzekJ. S.TorgersonD. (1993). Democracy and the policy sciences. Policy Sciences, 26, 127-138.
38.
EvansK. G. (2000). Imagining anticipatory government. In MorcolG.DennardL. F. (Eds.), New sciences for public administration and policy: Connections and reflections (pp. 195-220). Burke, VA: Chatelaine Press.
39.
EvansK. G.WamsleyG. L. (1999). Where’s the institution? Neoinstitutionalism and public management. In FredericksonG. H.JohnstonJ. M. (Eds.), Public management reform and innovation: Research, theory, and application (pp. 117-144). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
40.
FarmerD. J. (2002). Introduction. Administration & Society, 34, 87-90.
41.
FarmerD. J. (2005). To kill the king: Post-traditional governance and bureaucracy. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
42.
FischerF. (2003). Reframing public policy: Discursive politics and deliberative practices. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
43.
FischerF.ForesterJ. (Eds.). (1993). The argumentative turn in policy analysis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
44.
FollettM. P. (1919). Community is a process. Philosophical Review, 28, 576-588.
45.
FollettM. P. (1924). Creative experience. New York, NY: Longmans, Green.
46.
FollettM. P. (1998). The new state: Group organization—The solution of popular government. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
47.
FordL. S. (1977). An appraisal of Whiteheadian nontheism. Southern Journal of Philosophy, 15, 27-35.
48.
ForesterJ. (1989). Planning in the face of power. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
49.
ForesterJ. (1999). The deliberative practitioner: Encouraging participatory planning processes. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
50.
FoxC. J.CochranC. E. (1990). Discretionary public administration: Toward a platonic guardian Class? In KassH. D.CatronB. L. (Eds.), Images and identities in public administration (pp. 87-112). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
51.
FoxC. J.MillerH. T. (1995). Postmodern public administration: Toward discourse. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
52.
FraserN.NicholsonL. (1988). Social criticism without philosophy: An encounter between feminism and postmodernism. Theory, Culture & Society, 5, 373-394.
53.
FredericksonH. G. (1971). Toward a new public administration. In MariniF. (Ed.), Toward a new public administration: The Minnowbrook perspective (pp. 309-331). Scranton, OH: Chandler.
54.
FredericksonH. G. (1997). The spirit of public administration. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
55.
GrahamD. W. (2002). Heraclitus and Parmenides. In CastonV.GrahamD. W. (Eds.), Presocratic philosophy: Essays in honour of Alexander Mourelatos (pp. 27-44). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
56.
GrodzinsM. (1966). The American system: A new view of government in the United States. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
57.
HaackS. (2009). Evidence and inquiry: A pragmatist reconstruction of epistemology. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
58.
HalesS. D.JohnsonT. A. (2003). Endurantism, perdurantism and special relativity. Philosophical Quarterly, 53, 524-539.
59.
HarmonM. M. (1981). Action theory for public administration. New York, NY: Longman.
60.
HarmonM. M. (1995). Responsibility as paradox: A critique of rational discourse on government. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
61.
HarmonM. M.McSwiteO. C. (2011). Whenever two or more are gathered: Relationship as the heart of ethical discourse. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
62.
HegelG.W.F. (1977). Phenomenology of spirit (MillerA. V., Trans.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. (Original work published 1807)
63.
HeideggerM. (1992). Parmenides (SchuwerA.RojcewiczR., Trans.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
64.
HeideggerM. (1996). Being and time (StambaughJ., Trans.). Albany: State University of New York Press. (Original work published 1953)
65.
HendriksF. (2010). Vital democracy: A theory of democracy in action. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
66.
HoodC. (1991). A public management for all seasons?Public Administration, 69, 3-19.
67.
HoweL. E. (2006). Enchantment, weak ontologies, and administrative ethics. Administration & Society, 38, 422-446.
68.
HoweL. E. (2010). Temporality and reconciliation. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 32, 611-619.
69.
HummelR. P. (2002). Critique of “public space.”Administration & Society, 34, 102-107.
70.
JamesW. (1955). Pragmatism and four essays from the meaning of truth. New York, NY: Meridian Books. (Original work published 1907)
KeohaneR. O.NyeJ. S. (2000, Spring). Globalization: What’s new? what’s not? (and so what?). Foreign Policy, 118, 104-119.
74.
KettlD. F. (2000). The transformation of governance: Globalization, devolution, and the role of government. Public Administration Review, 60, 488-497.
75.
KingC. S. (Ed.). (2011). Government is us 2.0. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
76.
KingC. S.FelteyK. M.SuselB. O. (1998). The question of participation: Toward authentic participation in public administration. Public Administration Review, 58, 317-326.
77.
KingC. S.KensenS. (2002). Associational public space: Politics, administration, and storytelling. Administration & Society, 34, 108-113.
78.
KingC. S.StiversC. & Collaborators (Eds.). (1998). Government is us: Public administration in an anti-government era. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
79.
KingC. S.ZanettiL. A. (2005). Transformational public service: Portraits of theory in practice. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
80.
LoveJ. M. (2008). The rugged individualist club. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 30, 424-449.
81.
LoveJ. M. (2010a). The rugged individualist club: The paradox of the i/Individual in American governance. (Ph.D. Dissertation), George Washington University, Washington, D. C.
82.
LoveJ. M. (2010b, April9). The Webs We Weave: (re)Envisioning the Individual as Situated in Emergent Social Fabrics. Paper presented at the American Society for Public Administration, San Jose.
83.
LoveJ. M. (2011). Finding the (inter)Connections: Re-examining Contemporary Theories of Public Administration. Paper presented at the American Society for Public Administration, Baltimore, MD.
84.
LoveJ. M. (2012). From atomistic to interwoven: Utilizing a typology of i/individualisms to envision a process approach to governance. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 34, 362-384.
85.
LynnL. E.Jr.(1996). Public management as art, science, and profession. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
86.
LynnL. E.Jr.(2006). Public management: Old and new. New York, NY: Routledge.
87.
MacIntyreA. (1988). Whose justice? Which rationality?Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
88.
MarshD. (1998). The development of the policy network approach. In MarshD. (Ed.), Comparing policy networks (pp. 3-17). Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
89.
McSwiteO. C. (1997). Legitimacy in public administration: A discourse analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
90.
McSwiteO. C. (2002). Invitation to public administration. New York, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
91.
McSwiteO. C. (2005). Taking public administration seriously: Beyond humanism and bureaucrat bashing. Administration & Society, 37, 116-125.
92.
McSwiteO. C. (2006). Public administration as the carrier of the new social bond. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 28, 176-189.
93.
MesleC. R. (2008). Process-relational philosophy: An introduction to Alfred North Whitehead. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.
94.
MingusM. S. (2000). Relational holism and the possibility of quantum administration: Farfetched ideas or an ascendant worldview? In MorcolG.DennardL. F. (Eds.), New sciences for public administration and policy: Connections and reflections (pp. 243-263). Burke, VA: Chatelaine Press.
95.
MurrayN. (2000). In search of truth: Eastern metaphysics, quantum science and public administration philosophy. In MorcolG.DennardL. F. (Eds.), New sciences for public administration and policy: Connections and reflections (pp. 221-242). Burke, VA: Chatelaine Press.
96.
NiebuhrH. R. (1963). The responsible self: An essay in Christian moral philosophy. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
97.
OsborneD.GaeblerT. (1992). Reinventing government: How the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public sector. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
98.
OstromV. (1976). Language, theory, and empirical research in policy analysis. In GreggP. M. (Ed.), Problems of theory in policy analysis (pp. 9-18). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
99.
OstromV. (1989). The intellectual crisis in American public administration (2nd ed.). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
100.
PetersB. G. (1992). The future of governing. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
101.
PulitanoE. (2003). Toward a native American critical theory. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
102.
RaadscheldersJ. C. N. (1999). A coherent framework for the study of public administration. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 9, 281-303.
103.
RobertsN. (2004). Public deliberation in an age of direct citizen participation. American Review of Public Administration, 34, 315-353.
104.
RosenauP. M. (1992). Postmodernism and the social sciences: Insights, inroads, and intrusions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
105.
SavasE. S. (1982). Privatizing the public sector: How to shrink government. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
106.
SchmittC. (1985). Political theology: Four chapters on the concept of sovereignty (
SchwabG. Trans.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
107.
SchultzD. (2004). Professional ethics in a postmodern society. Public Integrity, 6, 279-297.
108.
SharpE. B. (1980). Toward a new understanding of urban services and citizen participation: The coproduction concept. Midwest Review of Public Administration, 14, 105-118.
109.
SherburneD. W. (1967, Fall). Whitehead without God. The Christian Scholar, L, 3.
110.
SimonH. A. (1946). The proverbs of administration. Public Administration Review, 6, 53-67.
111.
SimonH. A. (1947). A comment on the “science” of public administration. Public Administration Review, 7, 200-203.
112.
SimonH. A. (1976). Administrative behavior: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organization (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan.
113.
SørensenE.TorfingJ. (2005). Network governance and post-liberal democracy. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 27, 197-237.
114.
Stewart-HarawiraM. (2005). The new imperial order: Indigenous responses to globalization. London, England: Zed Books.
115.
StiversC. (1994). The listening bureaucrat: Responsiveness in public administration. Public Administration Review, 54, 364-369.
116.
StiversC. (2000). Bureau men, settlement women: Constructing public administration in the progressive era. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
StiversC. (2002b). Toward administrative public space: Hannah Arendt meets the municipal housekeepers. Administration & Society, 34, 98-102.
119.
StiversC. (2008). Governance in dark times: Practical philosophy for public service. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
120.
StoutM. (2006). A Samurai’s Lineage: Theoretical Traditions in Public Administration. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 28(4), 618-630.
121.
StoutM. (2007). Bureaucrats, Entrepreneurs, and Stewards: Seeking Legitimacy in Contemporary Governance. (Ph.D. Dissertation), Arizona State University, Phoenix.
122.
StoutM. (2009a). Enhancing Professional Socialization through the Metaphor of Tradition. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 15(3), 289-316.
123.
StoutM. (2009b). You Say You Want a Revolution?International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 12(2), 291-309.
124.
StoutM. (2010a). Back to the Future: Toward a Political Economy of Love and Abundance. Administration & Society, 42(1), 3-37.
125.
StoutM. (2010b). Co-Creation and the Social Bond: A Collaborative Process of Becoming. Paper presented at the American Society of Public Administration, San Jose, CA.
126.
StoutM. (2010c). Reclaiming the (Lost) Art of Ideal-Typing in Public Administration. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 32(4), 491-519.
StoutM. (2011). Relational Ontology: Toward a Public Philosophy and Ethic for an Interconnected World. Paper presented at the American Society of Public Administration, Baltimore, MD.
129.
StoutM. (2012a). Competing ontologies: A primer for public administration. Public Administration Review, 72(3), 388-398.
130.
StoutM. (2012b). Toward a relational language of process. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 34(3), 407-432.
131.
StoutM. (2013). Logics of Legitimacy:Three Traditions of Public Administration Praxis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
132.
StoutM.SalmJ. (2011). What Restorative Justice Might Learn from Administrative Theory. Contemporary Justice Review, 14(2), 203-225.
133.
StoutM.StatonC. (2011). The Ontology of Process Philosophy in Follett’s Administrative Theory. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 33(2), 268-292.
134.
TaylorC. (1989). Sources of the self: The making of the modern identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
135.
ThayerF. C. (1981). An end to hierarchy and competition: Administration in the post-affluent world (2nd ed.). New York, NY: New Viewpoints.
136.
TimneyM. M. (1998). Overcoming administrative barriers to citizen participation: Citizens as partners, not adversaries. In KingC. S.StiversC. & Collaborators (Eds.), Government is us: Public administration in an anti-government era (pp. 88-101). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
137.
VentrissC. (1985). Emerging perspectives on citizen participation. Public Administration Review, 45, 433-440.
138.
VigodaE. (2002). From responsiveness to collaboration: Governance, citizens, and the next generation of public administration. Public Administration Review, 62, 527-540.
139.
WaldoD. (1984). The administrative state: A study of the political theory of American public administration (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Holmes & Meier. (Original work published 1948)
140.
WaldoD. (1988). The end of public administration? [Book Review]. Public Administration Review, 48, 929-932.
141.
WaltersL. C.AydelotteJ.MillerJ. (2000). Putting more public in policy analysis. Public Administration Review, 60, 349-359.
142.
WamsleyG. L. (1996). A public philosophy and ontological disclosure as the basis for normatively grounded theorizing in public administration. In WamsleyG. L.WolfJ. F. (Eds.), Refounding democratic public administration: Modern paradoxes and postmodern challenges (pp. 351-401). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
143.
WamsleyG. L.BacherR. N.GoodsellC. T.KronenbergP. S.RohrJ. A.StiversC.WolfJ. F. (Eds.). (1990). Refounding public administration. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
144.
WamsleyG. L.WolfJ. F. (Eds.). (1996). Refounding democratic public administration: Modern paradoxes and postmodern challenges. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
145.
WatersA. (Ed.). (2004). American Indian thought. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
146.
WeberM. (1949). The methodology of the social sciences. New York, NY: The Free Press.
147.
WhitakerG. (1980). Coproduction: Citizen participation in service delivery. Public Administration Review, 40, 240-246.
148.
WhiteO. F. (1990). Reframing the authority/participation debate. In WamsleyG. L. (Eds.), Refounding public administration (pp. 182-245). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
149.
WhiteO. F.McSwainC. (1990). The Phoenix Project: Raising a new image of public administration from the ashes of the past. In KassH. D.CatronB. L. (Eds.), Images and identities in public administration (pp. 23-60). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
150.
WhiteS. K. (2000). Sustaining affirmation: The strengths of weak ontology in political theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
151.
WhiteheadA. N. (1979). Process and reality: An essay in cosmology (GriffinD. R.SherburneD. W. Eds., Vol. Corrected). New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. (Original work published 1929)
152.
WilloughbyW. W. (1930). The ethical basis of political authority. New York, NY: Macmillan.
153.
YoderD.CooperT. L. E. (2005). Public-service ethics in a transnational world. In FredericksonH. G.GhereR. K. (Eds.), Ethics in public management (pp. 297-327). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
154.
ZanettiL. A. (1997). Advancing praxis: Connecting critical theory with practice in public administration. American Review of Public Administration, 27, 145-167.
155.
ZanettiL. A.CarrA. (1997). Putting critical theory to work: Giving the public administrator the critical edge. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 19, 208-224.
