This study explores the “black box” of face-to-face violence during terror attacks. It is based upon visual analysis of a representative sample of terror attacks that occurred in Israel during 2015–2016, a period which is labeled “The Intifada of Individuals.” We offer a new method for this purpose by using available materials that military sociologists can retrieve and employ when they use the “macro”-level framework in their study of “micro”-level actions. The abundance of audiovisual devices allows a new perspective of belligerent friction typical of “New Wars.” Our methodology includes a combination of video and audio materials from open sources. Our analysis untangles the complexities of belligerency by minimizing the overall occurrences to the actions of the antagonist, the disrupter, and the crowd. We discuss our understandings for policy making concerning armament of civilians and overcoming the manipulation of terror attacks by media, government, and terrorists.
Ben-EliezerU. (2012). Old conflict, new war: Israel’s politics toward the Palestinians. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
2.
Ben-ShalomU.BenbenistyY. (2017). ‘A Time of War’: Contextual and organisational dimensions in the construction of combat motivation in the IDF. Journal of Strategic Studies, 1–24. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2017.1360772
3.
Ben-ShalomU.DvirA.LeviM.ZwillingM.OrkibiE.PeleO.GabayN. (2017). From Internet swear words to stadium violence in football (soccer) games—An Israeli case study. International Journal for the Sociology of Sport. doi:10.1177/1012690217715298
4.
BoltN. (2012). The violent image: Insurgent propaganda and the new revolutionaries. London, England: Hurst and Company.
CollinsR. (2008). Violence: A microsociological theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
7.
CollinsR. (2012). C-escalation and D-escalation: A theory of the time-dynamics of conflict. American Sociological Review, 77, 1–20.
8.
CollinsR. (2013). Entering and leaving the tunnel of violence: Micro-sociological dynamics of emotional entrainment in violent interactions. Current Sociology, 61, 132–151.
9.
CrosbieT. (2015). Scandal and military mediatization. Media, War & Conflict, 8, 100–119.
10.
FerretJ.CollinsR. (2017). On the internal dynamics of the conflict/violence process: A discussion with Randall Collins. The American Sociologist. doi:10.1007/s12108-017-9346-0
11.
FriisS. M. (2018). “Behead, burn, crucify, crush”: Theorizing the Islamic state’s public displays of violence. European Journal of International Relations. doi:10.1177/1354066117714416.
12.
GazitN. (2015). State-sponsored vigilantism: Jewish settlers’ violence in the occupied Palestinian territories. Sociology, 49, 438–454.
13.
GinsburgR. (2011). Taking pictures over soldiers’ shoulders: Reporting on human rights abuse from the Israeli occupied territories. Journal of Human Rights, 10, 17–33.
14.
GrossM. (2016). Vigilante violence and “forward panic” in Johannesburg’s townships. Theory and Society, 45, 239–263.
15.
GrossmanD. (1996). On killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.
16.
HalperinE.Bar-TalD.RavivA. (2010). Socio-psychological implications for an occupying society: The case of Israel. Journal of Peace Research, 47, 59–70.
KaldorM. (2013). New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. New York, NY: John Wiley.
21.
LevineM.TaylorP. J.BestR. (2011). Third parties, violence, and conflict resolution: The role of group size and collective action in the microregulation of violence. Psychological Science, 22, 406–412.
22.
LindegaardM. R.BernascoW.JacquesS. (2015). Consequences of expected and observed victim resistance for offender violence during robbery events. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 52, 32–61.
23.
MaleševićM. (2008). The sociology of new wars? Assessing the causes and objectives of contemporary violent conflicts. International Political Sociology, 2, 97–112.
24.
MaltbyS. (2012). The mediatization of the military. Media, War & Conflict, 5, 255–268.
25.
MirzoeffN. (2009). War is culture: Global counterinsurgency, visuality, and the Petraeus doctrine. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 124, 1737–1746.
26.
MünklerH. (2005). The New Wars. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.
27.
RobertsC.InnesM.PreeceA.RogersD. (2017). After Woolwich: Analyzing open source communications to understand the interactive and multi-polar dynamics of the arc of conflict. British Journal of Criminology. doi:10.1093/bjc/azx024
28.
RowlandD. (1991). The effect of combat degradation on the urban battle. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 42, 543–553.
29.
SteinR. L. (2017). GoPro occupation: Networked cameras, Israeli military rule, and the digital promise. Current Anthropology, 58, 56–64.
30.
SmithR. (2008). The utility of force: The art of war in the modern world. London, England: Allen Lane.
