Effect of calcium stearates and zinc stearates on polyene formation of poly(vinyl chloride) under degradation

Abstract

The effect of calcium stearates (CaSt₂) and zinc stearates (ZnSt₂) on polyene formation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated by gel content, ultraviolet (UV)–visible, Fourier transform infrared and static stability analyses. The linear polyene sequences are preferred to form in pure PVC and the PVC/CaSt₂ mixture during degradation, and while crosslinking polyene is found in the PVC/ZnSt₂ and PVC/ZnSt₂/CaSt₂ mixtures. The gel content increases with first high slope of 39.80 and second low slope of 7.37 in the PVC/ZnSt₂ mixture. The crosslinking degree reaches 41.62%, when adding 3 phr ZnSt₂. For the PVC/ZnSt₂/CaSt₂ mixture, the crosslinking reaction is delayed by CaSt₂ because of their synergistic effect.

Keywords

Poly(vinyl chloride)polyene calcium stearates zinc stearates crosslink

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Saeki

Emura

. Technical progresses for PVC production. Prog Polym Sci 2002; 27: 2055–2131.

Nass

Heiberger

. Encyclopedia of PVC. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1992, pp.45–80.

Starnes

Jr . Structural defects in poly (vinyl chloride). J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 2005; 43: 2451–2467.

Starnes

Jr . Structural and mechanistic aspects of the thermal degradation of poly (vinyl chloride). Prog Polym Sci 2002; 27: 2133–2170.

Radka

Miroslava

Zdenek

. Investigation of thermal stabilization of poly (vinyl chloride) by lead stearate and its combination with synthetic hydrotalcite. Polym Degrad Stab 2004; 85: 903–909.

Arkis

Balköse

. Thermal stabilisation of poly (vinyl chloride) by organotin compounds. Polym Degrad Stab 2005; 88: 46–51.

Liu

Hou

. Metal dicarboxylates as thermal stabilizers for PVC. Polym Degrad Stab 2007; 92: 1565–1571.

Yang

Shu

Long

. Influence of rare earth heating stabilizer on heating stabilizing property of PVC. China Rare Earths 1999; 20: 60–62.

Frye

Horst

. The mechanism of poly (vinyl chloride) stabilization by barium, cadmium, and zinc carboxylates. I. Infrared studies. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 1959; 40: 419–431.

10.

Zweifel

. Plastics additives handbook. Munich, Germany: Hanser, 2001, pp.80–102.

11.

Bensemra

Tran

Michel

Bartholin

Guyot

Thermal dehydrochlorination and stabilization of poly (vinyl chloride) in solution. III: -Zn Ca stearates as stabilizers. Polym Degrad Stab 1989; 24: 33–50.

12.

Vrandecic

Stipanelov, Klaric I and Roje U. Effect of Ca/Zn stabiliser on thermal degradation of poly (vinyl chloride)/chlorinated polyethylene blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2001; 74: 203–211.

13.

Abbås

Sörvik

EM.

Heat stabilizers for poly (vinyl chloride). I. Synergistic systems based on calcium/zinc stearate. J Vinyl Additive Technol 1980; 2: 87–94.

14.

Balköse

Gökcel

Göktepe

SE.

Synergism of Ca/Zn soaps in poly (vinyl chloride) thermal stability. Eur Polym J 2001; 37: 1191–1197

15.

Thomas

. Calcium/zinc stabilisers for PVC pressure pipe. Plast Rubber Compos Process Appl 1993; 19: 263–271.

16.

Wang

Guo

. Effect of pentaerythritol and organic tin with calcium/zinc stearates on the stabilization of poly (vinyl chloride). Polym Degrad Stab 2006; 91: 2101–2109.

17.

Mckensey

Willis

Owen

Michel

. An infra-red spectroscopic study of the stabilization of poly (vinyl chloride) by zinc and calcium stearates. Eur Polym J 1983; 19: 511–515.

18.

Benavides

Edge

Allen

. The mode of action of metal stearate stabilisers in poly (vinyl chloride). I. Influence of pre-heating on melt complexation. Polym Degrad Stab 1994; 44: 375–378.

19.

Benavides

Edge

Allen

. The mode of action of metal stearate stabilisers in poly (vinyl chloride): II. Influence of pre-heating on induction times and carbonyl formation. Polym Degrad Stab 1995; 49: 205–211.

20.

Benavides

Edge

Allen

Shah

Tellez

. The mode of action of metal stearate stabilisers in poly(vinyl chloride). III: Influence of pre-heating on polyene formation and secondary reactions. Polym Degrad Stab 1995; 48: 377–385.

21.

Guo

SY.

21. Study on the Formation of Complex of CaSt2-ZnSt2 and Its Effect on the Thermal Stability of PVC. Polym Mater Sci Technol (In Chinese) 2005; 2: 241–244.

22.

Moulay

Chemical modification of poly (vinyl chloride): Still on the run. Prog Polym Sci 2010; 35: 303–331.

23.

Yoshioka

Akama

Uchida

Okuwaki

. Analysis of two stages dehydrochlorination of poly (vinyl chloride) using TG-MS. Chem Lett 2000; 322–325.

24.

Marcilla

Beltran

. Thermogravimetric kinetic study of poly (vinyl chloride) pyrolysis. Polym Degrad Stab 1995; 48: 219–229.