The Level of Service Inventory—Revised (LSI-R) has been validated for a variety of criminal justice populations, although one large segment for which the instrument has not been validated is drug-involved offenders. With the increasing implementation of the LSI-R across correctional jurisdictions in the United States and internationally, and with a significant number of offenders having substance abuse histories, validation of the instrument for this population is overdue. Using bivariate correlations and logistic regression analyses, the LSI-R total score was found to be a stable, significant predictor of reincarceration for a sample of 276 drug-involved offenders. This finding held up in multivariate analyses even when controlling for a variety of other factors including age, criminal history, time-at-risk in the community following release from prison, and treatment-related variables.
Andrews, D.A., & Bonta, J. (1995). The LSI-R: The Level of Service Inventory-Revised . Toronto, ON, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
2.
Andrews, D.A., & Bonta, J. (2006). The psychology of criminal conduct (4th ed.). Cincinnati, OH: LexisNexis/Anderson .
3.
Andrews, D.A., Bonta, J., & Hoge, R.D. (1990). Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17, 19-52.
4.
Andrews, D.A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J.S. (2006). The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment. Crime & Delinquency, 52, 7-27.
5.
Baird, S.C., Heinz, R.C., & Behmus, B.J. (1979). Project report 14: A two-year follow-up. Madison, WI: Department of Health and Social Services, Case Classification/Staff Deployment Project, Community Corrections .
6.
Ball, J.C., Shaffer, J.W., & Nurco, D.N. (1983). Day-to-day criminality of heroin addicts in Baltimore: A study in the continuity of offense rates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 12, 119-142.
7.
Belenko, S., Patapis, N., & French, M.T. (2005). Economic benefits of drug treatment: A critical review of the evidence for policy makers. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania, Treatment Research Institute .
8.
Belenko, S., & Peugh, J. (1999). Behind bars: Substance abuse and America's prison population (Technical Report). New York: Columbia University, National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse.
9.
Belenko, S., & Peugh, J. (2005). Estimating drug treatment needs among state prisoners . Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77, 269-281.
10.
Bonta, J. (1996). Risk-needs assessment and treatment. In A. T. Harland (Ed.), Choosing correctional options that work: Defining the demand and evaluating the supply (pp. 18-32). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
11.
Bonta, J. (2002). Offender risk assessment: Guidelines for selection and use. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 355-379.
12.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
13.
Chaiken, M.R. (1989). In-prison programs for drug-involved offenders (Research in Brief). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
14.
DeLeon, G. (2000). The therapeutic community: Theory, model and method . New York: Springer-Verlag.
15.
Dowdy, E.R., Lacy, M.G., & Unnithan, N.P. (2002). Correctional prediction and the Level of Supervision Inventory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 29-39.
16.
Gendreau, P., Coggin, C.E., & Law, M.A. (1997). Predicting prison misconducts. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 24, 414-431.
17.
Girard, L., & Wormith, J.S. (2004). The predictive validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision on general and violent recidivism among various offender groups. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 150-181.
18.
Glaze, L.E., & Bonczar, T.P. (2006). Probation and parole in the United States (Pub. No. NCJ215091). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
19.
Harrison, P.M., & Beck, A.J. (2006). Prisoners in 2005 (Pub. No. NCJ 215092). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
20.
Hiller, M.L., Knight, K., & Simpson, D.D. (1999). Prison-based substance abuse treatment, residential aftercare and recidivism. Addiction, 94, 833-842.
21.
Hoffman, P.B. (1994). Twenty years of operational use of a risk prediction instrument: The United States Parole Commission's salient factor score. Journal of Criminal Justice, 22, 477-494.
22.
Hollin, C.R., & Palmer, E.J. (2003). Level of Service Inventory-Revised profiles of violent and nonviolent prisoners. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 1075-1086.
23.
Hollin, C.R., & Palmer, E.J. (2006). The Level of Service Inventory-Revised profile of English prisoners: Risk and reconviction analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33, 347-366.
24.
Holsinger, A.M., Lowenkamp, C.T., & Latessa, E.J. (2006). Exploring the validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised with NativeAmerican offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 331-337.
25.
Inciardi, J.A., Martin, S.S., & Butzin, C.A. (2004). Five-year outcomes of therapeutic community treatment of drug-involved offenders after release from prison. Crime & Delinquency, 50, 88-107.
26.
Kirkpatrick, B.L. (1999). Exploratory research of female risk prediction and LSI-R. Corrections Compendium, 24, 1-3, 14-17.
27.
Knight, K., Simpson, D.D., & Hiller, M. (1999). Three-year reincarceration outcomes in-prison therapeutic community treatment in Texas. The Prison Journal , 79, 321-333.
28.
Knight, K., Simpson, D.D., & Hiller, M.L. (2002). Screening and referral for substance-abuse treatment in the criminal justice system. In C. G. Leukefeld , F. Tims, & D. Farabee (Eds.), Treatment of drug offenders: Policies and issues (pp. 259-272). New York: Springer.
29.
Lipton, D.S. (1995). The effectiveness of treatment for drug abusers under criminal justice supervision (NCJ 157642). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
30.
Lowenkamp, C.T., Holsinger, A.M., & Latessa, E.J. (2001). Risk/need assessment, offender classification, and the role of childhood abuse. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 28, 543-563.
31.
Mumola, C.J., & Karberg, J.C. (2006). Drug use and dependence, state and federal prisoners, 2004 (Pub. No. NCJ213530). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
32.
Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (PADOC). (2006). Alcohol and other drugs abuse treatment. Retrieved November 21, 2006, from http://www.cor.state.pa.us/stats/lib/stats/da.pdf
33.
Peters, R.H., Greenbaum, P.E., & Edens, J.F. (1998). Prevalence of DSM-IV substance abuse and dependence disorders among prison inmates. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 24, 573-587.
34.
Petersilia, J., & Turner, S. (1993). Intensive probation and parole. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of research (Vol. 17, pp. 281-336). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35.
Schmidt, F., Hoge, R.D., & Gomes, L. (2005). Reliability and validity analyses of the Youth Level of Serve/Case Management Inventory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 329-344.
36.
Simourd, D. (2004). Use of dynamic risk/need assessment instruments among long-term incarcerated offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 306-323.
37.
Simourd, D. (2006, May). Validation of risk/needs assessments in the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (Interim Report). Collingswood, NJ: Volunteers of America-Delaware Valley .
38.
Simourd, D.J., & Malcolm, P.B. (1998). Reliability and validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised among federally incarcerated sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 261-274.
39.
Welsh, W.N. (2006). Evaluation of drug treatment programs at the State Correctional Institution (SCI) at Chester: A partnership between the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, Gaudenzia Inc., and Temple University (Final Report to the National Institute of Justice 2002-RT-BX-1002). Retrieved January 9, 2008, from the PADOC Web site: http://www.cor.state.pa.us/stats/lib/stats/ChesterReporttoNIJ-Final_November2006.pdf
40.
Wexler, H.K., DeLeon, G., Thomas, G., Kressel, D., & Peters, J. (1999). The Amity Prison TC evaluation: Reincarceration outcomes. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 147-167.
41.
Wexler, H.K., Lipton, D.S., & Johnson, B.D. (1988, March). A criminal justice system strategy for treating cocaine-heroin abusing offenders in custody (Issues and Practices Paper in Criminal Justice. U.S. GPO. No. 1988-202-045:8-0082). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
