The focus of this review is to increase the knowledge and raise the awareness of health care professionals with respect to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and to integrate the various elements of this subject in a comprehensive fashion. The review addresses the definitions of ADRs, and their epidemiology, demographics, and economics. Risk factors for the development of ADRs are defined, their general pathophysiological mechanisms are presented (type 1 or “predictable” and type 2 or “unpredictable”), and their causes and subclassifications are described. A paradigm for diagnosing ADRs is suggested and criteria are presented that assess the causal relationship between drug administration and clinical observations. Laboratory and clinical diagnostic and investigative methods that aid in ADR reporting mechanisms are reviewed. Methods to prevent ADRs and increase compliance in reporting are also discussed.
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