Pharmaceutical research has been likened metaphorically to the game of chess. Comparing these endeavors in moderate detail identifies similarities between them, but also important differences. For example, chess is played by individuals against one another, while pharmaceutical research—at least as usually perceived—is conducted by scientific teams. Drawing a comparison between pharmaceutical research and chess exemplifies the role metaphors can play in stimulating scientific thought and discourse that might otherwise be inaccessible.
SchwartzH. An essay on drug discovery and development. Squibb Corporation Annual Report, Princeton, NJ, 1988.
2.
FoxMJamesR. The complete chess addict. London: Faber and Faber Ltd.; 1987.
3.
SchneiderW. Washington: The in-box president. The Atlantic. Jan 1990;265: 34–43.
4.
SchenkerH. A nation living on the edge. Nation. Jan 21, 1991;252:45.
5.
BellPK. The good apprentice [by Iris Murdoch; a book review]. New Republic. March 31, 1986;194:36.
6.
StengelR. Yankee Doodle Dandy: Gentleman Steve Cauthen rides to the top again, in England. Time. Nov 12, 1984;124:68.
7.
BeckEM, ed. Bartlett's Familiar Quotations. 15th edition. Boston, Mass: Little, Brown and Company; 1980.
8.
SpilkerB. Multinational drug companies: Issues in drug discovery and development. New York: Raven Press; 1989.
9.
BenkoPHochbergB. Winning with chess psychology. New York: David McKay Co.; 1991.
10.
LaskerE. Common sense in chess. New York: Dover Books; 1965.
11.
Task Force of the Working Group on Arrhythmias of the European College of Cardiology.The Sicilian Gambit: A new approach to the classification of antiarrhythmic drugs based on their actions on arrhythmogenic mechanisms. Circulation1991;1831–1851.
12.
MaxwellRAEckhardtSB. Drug discovery: A casebook and analysis. Clifton, NJ: Humana Press; 1990.
13.
WeissmannAKoeBK. Contributions of industrial research to basic neuropsychopharmacology: Pre-clinical screening and discovery. In: MeltzerH I ed. Psychopharmacology, The Third Generation of Progress. New York: Raven Press; 1987:1649–1657.
14.
BotvinnikMM. Computers, chess and long range planning. New York: Springer Verlag; 1970.
15.
PandolfiniB. The Best of Chess Life and Review. Volume 2, 1960–1988, New York, NY: Simon and Shuster; 1988.
16.
WaitzkinF. Searching for Bobby Fischer. New York: Random House; 1988.
17.
WhitakerNTHartlebGE. Selected endings. Heidelberg: Heinrich Fahrer; 1960.
18.
SoltisA. Karl Marx plays chess and other reports on the world's oldest game. New York: David McKay Co.; 1991.
LeatherdaleWH. The role of analogy, model and metaphor in science. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company; 1974.
21.
LearyDE. Psyche's muse. In: LearyDE ed. Metaphors in the history of psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990: 1–78.
22.
GuthPS. The structurally specific, stereospecific, saturable binding of pepperoni to pizza. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1987;3: 467.
23.
PribramKH. From metaphors to models: The use of analogy in neuropsychology. In LearyDE ed. Metaphors in the history of psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990: 79–103.
24.
CasterJHGatens-RobinsonE. Metaphor in medicine. JAMA. 1983;250: 1841.
25.
SontagS. Illness as metaphor. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux; 1978.
26.
SontagS. AIDS and its metaphors. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux; 1989.
27.
McReynoldsP. Motives and metaphors: A study in scientific creativity. In LearyDE ed. Metaphors in the history of psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990:133–172.
28.
GerhartMRussellAM. Metaphoric processes: The creation of scientific and religious understanding. Fort Worth, TX: Texas Christian University Press; 1984.
