Public sector affirmative action programs must contend with recent political and economic trends. Given the conservative political environment which de-emphasizes affirmative action, and given the advent of serious fiscal constraints facing many cities, is it reasonable to expect progress in employment of women in nontraditional roles within municipal governments? This article investigates this question using data gathered from reported surveys of over 280 municipal police departments in major American cities over the period 1978 to 1987. Findings suggest that women may have a long and difficult road ahead for improving their representation in municipal policing.
BoxhillBernard R. (1978) “The Morality of Preferential Hiring,”Philosophy and Public Affairs, 7(3): 246–268.
3.
CapaldiN. (1980) “Twisting the Law,”Policy Review, 12 (Spring): 39–58.
4.
ConwayMargaretMartynHartley (1985) “Equal Employment Opportunity Policy Implementation in the Reagan Administration,” Paper presented at the Southern Political Science Association Meeting, Nashville, TN (November 7–9).
5.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (1980) Uniform Crime Reports, 1979. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office).
6.
FeinmanClarice. (1980) Women in the Criminal Justice System (New York: Praeger).
7.
GlazerNathan. (1975) Affirmative Discrimination: Ethnic Inequality and Public Policy (New York: Basic Books).
8.
GrossBarry R. (1978) Discrimination in Reverse: Is Turnabout Fair Play? (New York: New York University Press).
9.
HeffnerP.A. (1979) “Impact of Policewomen on Patrol: Contributions of Sex Role Stereotypes to Behavior in an Astereotypic Setting,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.
10.
HochstedlerEllenRegoliRobert M.PooleEric. (1984) “Changing the Guard in American Cities: A Current Empirical Assessment of Integration in Twenty Municipal Police Departments,”Criminal Justice Review9 (Spring): 8–14.
LovrichNicholas P.SteelBrent S.. (1983) “Affirmative Action and Productivity in Law Enforcement Agencies,”Review of Public Personnel AdministrationVol. 4: 55–66.
18.
MiltonCatherine. (1978) “The Future of Women in Policing,” in CohnAlvin W. (ed.), The Future of Women in Policing (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications).
19.
President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. (1967) Task Force Report: The Police, Washington, D.C.
20.
PriceB. (1979) “Century of Women in Policing,” in SchultzDonald O. (ed.), Modern Police Administration (Houston: Gulf).
21.
SaltzsteinG.H. (1986) “Female Mayors and Women in Municipal Jobs,”American Journal of Political Science30 (February): 140–164.
22.
SichelJoyceFriedmanLucyQuintJanetSmithMichael. (1978) Women on Patrol: A Pilot Study of Police Performance in New York City, Washington, DC:National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice.
23.
SowellThomas. (1984) Civil Rights: Rhetoric and Reality. (New York: William Morrow & Co.).
24.
StahlO. Glenn. (1976) Public Personnel Administration (7th ed.). (New York: Harper and Row).
25.
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. (1982) “Senator Hatch Holds Affirmative Action Hearing,”Civil Rights Update (January): 2.
26.
WalkerSam. (1983) “Employment of Black and Hispanic Police Officers,”Academy of Criminal Justice: Today (November): 1–10.
27.
WelchSusanKarnigAlbertEribesRichard (1983) “Correlates of Women's Employment in Local Governments,”Urban Affairs Quarterly18 (June): 551–564.
