Prevalence and risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. infection in immuno-compromised hosts: A neglected parasite with rise in menace and review of the literature

Abstract

Cryptosporidiosis is a predominant cause of diarrhoea especially in immune-compromised individuals and causes self-limited infection in immune-competent hosts. It is a highly infectious and transmissible protozoan causing gastrointestinal infection mostly in communities of low socioeconomic status. A descriptive observational study was undertaken to determine its frequency and relevance.

Keywords

diarrhoea immuno-compromised hosts modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Savioli

Smith

Thompson

. Giardia and Cryptosporidium join the “neglected diseases initiative”. Trends Parasitol 2006; 22: 203–208.

CDC. Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases (by category): emergency preparedness and response, https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist-category.asp (2024, assessed 27 June 2024).

Cama

Bern

Roberts

, et al. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14: 1567–1574.

Clarke

. Memoirs: a study of Coccidia met with in mice. Quaterly J Microsc Sci 1895; s2-37: 277–283.

Tyzzer

. A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1907; 5: 12–13.

Bera

Das

Saha

, et al. Cryptosporidium in children with diarrhea: a hospital-based study. Indian Pediatr 2014; 51: 906–908.

Mirdha

. Evolving patterns of cryptosporidiosis: issues and implications in the context of public health in India. Ann National Acad Med Sci 2021; 57: 81–93.

Dabas

Shah

Bhatnagar

, et al. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in pediatric diarrheal illnesses. Indian Pediatr 2017; 54: 299–309.

Zheng

Chan

, et al. Case report: diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in renal transplantation in a low-prevalence setting. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 2019; 100: 78–80.

10.

Wang

R-J

J-Q

Chen

Y-C

, et al. Widespread occurrence of Cryptosporidium infections in patients with HIV/AIDS: epidemiology, clinical feature, diagnosis, and therapy. Acta Trop 2018; 187: 257–263.

11.

Helmy

Hafez

. Cryptosporidiosis: from prevention to treatment, a narrative review. Microorganisms 2022; 10: 2456.

12.

Shrateh

Jobran

Zaid

, et al. Successful management of life-threatening post-COVID-19 cryptosporidiosis in a renal transplant patient: a case report. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 45: 10.

13.

Duguid

. Staining methods. In: Collee

Marmion

Fraser

Simmons

(eds) Mackie and McCartney practical medical microbiology. 14th ed. London: Churchill Living stone, 2015, pp.793–812.

14.

Katiyar

Padukone

Gulati

, et al. A multiplex PCR assay for the detection of Cryptosporidium species and simultaneous differentiation of Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium parvum in clinical stool samples. BioRxiv 2023: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.22.533796

15.

Patil

Saxena

Thakare

, et al. Diarrhea after kidney transplantation: a study of risk factors and outcomes. J Postgrad Med 2023; 69: 205–214.

16.

Murugesan

Ganesan

Ajjampur

. Cryptosporidiosis in children in the Indian subcontinent. Trop Parasitol 2017; 7: 18–28.

17.

Yadav

Khalil

Mirdha

. Molecular appraisal of intestinal parasitic infection in transplant recipients. Indian J Med Res 2016; 144: 258–263.

18.

Sharma

Sehgal

, et al. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium isolates from patients in North India. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17: e601–e605.

19.

Ryan

UNA

Fayer

Xiao

. Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs. Parasitol 2014; 141: 1667–1685.