The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a scale assessing residents’ attitudes toward sustainable tourism (SUS-TAS). Following the pretesting phase, a 51-item scale of resident attitudes toward sustainable community tourism was administered to 800 households in a small tourism community in Texas. Psychometric properties of SUSTAS along with its practical and theoretical implications are discussed within the framework of sustainable tourism development.
Akama, J. S. (1996). Wildlife Conservation in Kenya: A Political-Ecological Analysis of Nairobi and Tsavo Regions. Washington, DC: African Development Foundation.
2.
Akis, S., N. Peristianis, and J. Warner (1996). “Residents’ Attitudes to Tourism Development: The Case of Cyprus.”Tourism Management,17 (7): 481-494.
3.
Allen, L. R., P. T. Long, R. R. Perdue, and S. Kieselbach (1988). “The Impact of Tourism Development on Resident’s Perception of Community Life.”Journal of Travel Research, 27 (l): 16-21.
4.
Andereck, K. L., and C. A. Vogt (2000). “The Relationship between Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism and Tourism Development Options.”Journal of Travel Research, 39 (1): 27-37.
5.
Anderson, J. C., and D. W. Gerbing (1988). “Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-step Approach.”Psychological Bulletin, 103 (3): 411-423.
6.
Ap, J. (1990). “Residents’ Perceptions Research on the Social Impacts of Tourism.”Annals of Tourism Research, 17 (4): 610-616.
7.
Ap, J. (1992). “Residents’ Perceptions of Tourism Impacts.”Annals of Tourism Research, 19 (4): 665-690.
8.
Ap, J., and J. Crompton (1998). “Developing and Testing a Tourism Impact Scale.”Journal of Travel Research, 37: 120-130.
9.
Archer, B. H. (1989). “Tourism and Island Economies: Impact Analyses.” In Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, edited by C.P. Cooper.London: Belhaven, pp. 125-134.
10.
Archer, B. H., and J. Fletcher (1996). “The Economic Impact of Tourism in the Seychelles.”Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (1): 32-47.
11.
Aronsson, L. (1994). “Sustainable Tourism Systems: The Example of Sustainable Tourism in Sweden.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2 (1/2): 77-92.
12.
Bagozzi, R. P., and Y. Yi (1988). “On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models.”Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16 (1): 74-94.
13.
Barbour, I. G. (1993). Ethics in an Age of Technology. San Francisco: Harper.
14.
Belisle, F. J. (1984). “Food Production and Tourism in Jamaica: Obstacles to Increasing Local Food Supplies to Hotels.”The Journal of Developing Areas, 19 (1): 1-20.
15.
Benavides, D. D. (2002). “Overcoming Poverty in Developing Countries through Self-Sustainable International Tourism.”Proceedings of the Forum International at the Reisepavillion, edited by Rauschelbach B., A. Schäfer, and B. Steck.Hanover, Germany: German Agency for Technical Cooperation.
16.
Berlin Declaration (1997). The Berlin Declaration on Biological Diversity and Sustainable Tourism. International Conference of Environment Ministers on Biodiversity and Tourism. March 6-8. Berlin, Germany: United Nations.
17.
Berry, S., and A. Ladkin (1997). “Sustainable Tourism: A Regional Perspective.”Tourism Management, 18 (7): 433-440.
18.
Biderman, A., and W. Bosak (1997). “Environmental Education in Protected Area as a Contribution to Heritage Conservation, Tourism and Sustainable Development.”National Parks and Protected Area, 40: 92-102.
19.
Boo, E. (1992). The Ecotourism Boom: Planning for Development and Management. Wildlife and Human Needs Program Technical Paper Series, No. 2. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund.
20.
Boothroyd, P. (1986). “Enhancing Local Planning Skills for Native Self-Reliance: The UBC Experience.”The Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 4 (1): 13-42.
21.
Brackenbury, M. (1993). Trends and Challenges Beyond 2000: World Tourism Organization Round Table on Beyond the Year 2000: Tourism Trends and Challenges. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization.
22.
Bramwell, B., and I. Henry (1996). “A Framework for Understanding Sustainable Tourism Management.” In Sustainable Tourism Management: Principles and Practice, edited by B. Bramwell, J. V. D. Straaten, and A. G. Prat.Tilburg, the Netherlands: Tilburg University Press, pp. 23-71.
23.
Bramwell, B., and B. Lane (1993). “Sustainable Tourism: An Evolving Global Approach.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1 (1): 1-5.
24.
Bramwell, B., and A. Sharman (1999). “Collaboration in Local Tourism Policymaking.”Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (2): 392-415.
25.
Briguglio, L., B. Archer, J. Jafari, and G. Wall, eds. (1996). Sustainable Tourism in Islands and Small States: Issues and Policies. London: Pinter.
26.
Browne, M. W. (1984). “The Decomposition of Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices.”British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 37: 1-21.
27.
Butcher, J. (1997). “Sustainable Development or Development?” In Tourism and Sustainability: Principles to Practice, edited by M. J. Stabler.New York: CAB International, pp. 27-38.
28.
Butler, R. W. (1980). “The Concept of a Tourist Area Cycle of Evolution: Implications for Management of Resources.”Canadian Geographer, 24 (10): 5-12.
29.
Butler, R. W. (1993). “Tourism: An Evolutionary Perspective.” In Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, and Managing, edited by J. G. Nelson, R. Butler, and G. Wall.Department of Geography Publication Series No. 37. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: University of Waterloo, pp. 27-43.
30.
Butler, R. W. (1999). “Sustainable Tourism—A State of the Art Review.”Tourism Geographies, 1: 7-25.
31.
Campbell, J. P., and D. W. Fiske (1959). “Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix.”Psychological Bulletin, 36: 81-105.
32.
Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. London: Penguin.
33.
Cater, E. A. (1993). “Tourism in the Third World: Problems for Sustainable Tourism Development.”Tourism Management, 14 (2): 85-89.
34.
Chamberlain, K. (2002). “Asia Pacific.” In Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century, edited by A. Lockwood and S. Medlik.Boston: Butterworth Heinemann, pp. 134-153.
35.
Churchill, G. A., Jr. (1979). “A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs.”Journal of Marketing Research, 16 (1): 64-73.
36.
Cooke, K. (1982). “Guidelines for Socially Appropriate Tourism Development in British Columbia.”Journal of Travel Research, 21 (1): 22-28.
37.
Cooper, M. (1980). “The Regional Importance of Tourism in Australia.”Australian Geographical Studies, 18 (2): 146-154.
38.
Croall, J. (1995). Preserve or Destroy?: Tourism and The Environment. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
39.
Davis, D., J. Allen, and R. M. Cosenza (1988). “Segmenting Local Residents by Their Attitudes, Interests, and Opinions toward Tourism.”Journal of Travel Research, 27 (2): 2-8.
40.
Deccio, C., and S. Baloglu (2002). “Garfield County Resident Perceptions of the 2002 Winter Olympics: The Spillover Effects.”Journal of Travel Research, 41 (1): 45-56.
41.
Delamere, T. A. (1998). Development of A Scale to Measure Local Resident Attitudes Toward the Social Impact of Community Festivals. Unpublished PhD diss., University of Alberta.
42.
DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
43.
Dillman, D.A. (1978). Mail and Telephone Survey. New York: John Wiley.
44.
Dyer, P., L. Aberdeen, and S. Schuler (2002). “Tourism Impacts on an Australian Indigenous Community: A Djabugay Case Study.”Tourism Management, 24 (1): 83-95.
45.
Dymond, S. J. (1997). “Indicators of Sustainable Tourism in New Zealand: A Local Government Perspective.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism,5 (4): 279-293.
46.
Eagly, A. H., and S. Chaiken (1993). The Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
47.
Edward, A. L. (1957). Techniques of Attitude Scale Construction. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
48.
English, D. B. K., W. Kriesel, V. R. Leeworthy, and P.C. Wiley (1996). Economic Contribution of Recreating Visitors to the Florida Keys/ Key West. A Part of Linking the Economy and Environment of Florida Keys/Florida Bay Series. Tallahassee: Florida Environment Department.
49.
Fennell, D. A. (1999). Ecotourism: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.
50.
Fishbein, M., and I. Ajzen (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
51.
Floyd, F., and K. Widaman (1995). “Factor Analysis in the Development and Refinement of Clinical Assessment Instruments.”Psychological Assessment, 7: 286-299.
52.
Frangialli, F. (2002). World Tourism Organization Statement, Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization, the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa.
53.
Fredline, E., and B. Faulkner (2000). “Host Community Reactions—A Cluster Analysis.”Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (3): 763-784.
54.
Garrod, B., and A. Fyall (1998). “Beyond the Rhetoric of Sustainable Tourism?”Tourism Management, 19 (3): 199-212.
55.
Gibson, L. J. (1993). “The Potential for Tourism Development in Non-Metropolitan Areas.” In Economic Adaptation: Alternative for Non-Metropolitan Areas, edited by D. L. Barkley.San Francisco: Westview. pp. 145-164.
56.
Glasson, J., K. Godfrey, and B. Goodey (1995). Toward Visitor Impact Management. London: Avebury
57.
Godfrey, K. B. (1998). “Attitudes towards ‘Sustainable Tourism’ in the UK: A View from Local Government.”Tourism Management, 19 (3): 213-224.
58.
Goulet, D. (1995). “Authentic Development: Is It Sustainable?” In A Sustainable World: Defining and Measuring Sustainable Development, edited by C. Trzyna and J. K. Osborn.Sacramento, CA: International Union for the Protection of Nature and California Institute of Public Affairs, pp. 44-59.
59.
Gunn, C. A. (1994). Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases. 3rd ed.Washington, DC: Taylor and Frances.
60.
Gursoy, D. J., C. Jurowski, and M. Uysal (2002). “Resident Attitudes: A Structural Modeling Approach.”Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (1): 79-105.
61.
Hall, C. M. (1994). Tourism and Politics: Policy, Power, and Place. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
62.
Hall, C. M. (2000). Tourism Planning: Policies, Processes and Relationships. Harlow, UK: Prentice-Hall.
63.
Hall, C. M., and A. A. Lew (1998). “The Geography of Sustainable Tourism Development: Introduction.” In Sustainable Tourism Development: Geographical Perspectives, edited by C. M. Hall and A. Lew.London: Addison-Wesley Longman, pp. 1-12.
64.
Hardin, G. (1968). “The Tragedy of the Commons.”Science, 162: 1243-1248.
65.
Hardy, A. L., and R. J. S. Beeton (2001). “Sustainable Tourism or Maintainable Tourism: Managing Resources for More than Average Outcomes.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9 (3): 168-192.
66.
Harman, W. (1976). An Incomplete Guide to the Future. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
67.
Harris, R., and N. Leiper (1995). Sustainable Tourism: An Australian Perspective. Burlington, UK: Butterworth Heinneman.
68.
Harrison, D. (1996). “Sustainability and Tourism: Reflections from a Muddy Pool.” In Sustainable Tourism in Islands and Small States: Issues and Policies, edited by L. Briguglio, B. Archer, J. Jafari, and G. Wall.London: Pinter, pp. 69-89.
69.
Hoff, M. D., ed. (1998). Sustainable Community Development: Studies in Environmental, Economic and Cultural Revitalization. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis.
70.
Hudman, L. E., and D. E. Hawkins (1989). Tourism in Contemporary Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
71.
Hunter, C. (1995). “On the Need to Reconceptualize Sustainable Tourism Development.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 3 (3): 155-165.
72.
Hunter, C. (1997). “Sustainable Tourism as an Adaptive Paradigm.”Annals of Tourism Research, 24: 850-867.
73.
Inskeep, E. L. (1991). Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
74.
Jamal, T., and D. Getz (1995). “Collaboration Theory and Community Tourism Planning.”Annals of Tourism Research, 22 (1): 186-204.
75.
Jamieson, W., and T. Jamal (1997). “Tourism Planning and Destination Management.” In International Tourism: A Global Perspective, edited by C. Gee and E. Fayos-Sola.Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization, pp. 321-337.
76.
Joppe, M. (1996). “Sustainable Community Tourism Development Revisited.”Tourism Management, 17: 475-479.
77.
Joreskog, K.G. (1969). “A General Approach to Confirmatory Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis.”Psychometrika, 34: 183-202.
78.
Jurowski, C. (1994). The Interplay of Elements Affecting Host Community Resident Attitudes toward Tourism: A Path Analytic Approach.Unpublished PhD diss., Virginia Tech University.
79.
Jurowski, C., M. Uysal, and R. D. Williams (1997). “A Theoretical Analysis of Host Community Resident Reactions to Tourism.”Journal of Travel Research, 36 (2): 3-11.
80.
Kaushik, S. (1996). Effectiveness of Indian Centers as Learning Environments: A Study of Education Objectives in the Design of Museum Experiences. Unpublished PhD diss., University of Leicester.
81.
King, B., A. Pizam, and A. Milman (1993). “Social Impacts of Tourism: Host Perceptions.”Annals of Tourism Research, 20: 650-665.
82.
Klemm, M. (1992). “Sustainable Tourism Development.”Tourism Management, 13 (2): 169-180.
83.
Ko, D. -W., and W. P. Stewart (2002). “A Structural Equation Model of Residents’ Attitudes for Tourism Development.”Tourism Management, 23 (5): 521-530.
84.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2nd ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
85.
Lankford, S., and D. Howard (1994). “Developing a Tourism Impact Attitude Scale.”Annals of Tourism Research, 21 (1): 121-139.
86.
Lélé, S. M. (1991). “Sustainable Development: A Critical Review.”World Development, 19 (6): 607-621.
87.
Levy, P. S., and S. Lemeshow (1999). Sampling of Populations: Methods and Applications. 3rd ed.New York: John Wiley.
88.
Lindberg, K., and R. L. Johnson (1997). “Modeling Resident Attitudes toward Tourism.”Annals of Tourism Research, 24 (2): 402-424.
89.
Lindberg, K., B. G. C. Dellaert, and C. R. Rassing (1999). “Resident Tradeoffs: A Choice Modeling Approach.”Annals of Tourism Research,26 (3): 554-569.
90.
MacCallum, R. C., K. F. Widaman, S. Zhang, and S. Hong (2001). “Sample Size in Factor Analysis.”Psychological Methods, 4: 84-99.
91.
Macnaghten, P., and J. Urry (1998). Contested Nature. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
92.
Madrigal, R. (1993). “A Tale of Tourism in Two Cities.”Annals of Tourism Research, 20: 336-353.
93.
Manning, E. W., and T. D. Dougherty (1995). “Sustainable Tourism: Preserving the Golden Goose.”Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Quarterly, 36 (2): 29-42.
94.
Market Texas Tourism (2002). The Economic Impact of Travel on Texas. Austin, TX: Texas Economic Development.
95.
Martin, J. P., and M. Pearson (2001). “OECD Social Indicators: A Broad Approach towards Social Reporting.“Days of Official Statistics: Social Reporting and Monitoring Politics, June 26-28.
96.
McGahey, S. (1996). “Tourism: The Multiplier Effect and Leakage.” Available at from http://www.uog.edu/sbdc/journals (accessed April 28, 2003).
97.
McIntyre, G. (1993). Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for Local Planners. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization.
98.
Meadows, D. H., D. L. Meadows, J. Randers, and W. Behrens (1972). The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books.
99.
Meltzoff, S. K., M. Lemons, and Y. G. Lichtensztajn (2001). “Voice of a Natural Prison: Tourism Development and Fisheries Management among the Political Ghosts of Pisagua, Chile.”Journal of Political Ecology, 8: 45-80.
100.
Middleton, V. T. C., and R. Hawkins (1998). Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
101.
Miller, G. (2001). “The Development of Indicators for Sustainable Tourism: Results of a Delphi Survey of Tourism Researchers.”Tourism Management, 22: 351-362.
102.
Mitchell, B., and D. Shrubsole (1992). Ontario Conservation Authorities: Myth and Reality. Department of Geography, Publication Series No. 35. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: University of Waterloo.
103.
Mowforth, A., and I. Munt (1998). Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge.
104.
Murphy, P. E. (1985). Tourism: A Community Approach. New York: Methuen.
105.
Nash, R. (1980). Wilderness and the American Mind. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
106.
Nilsen, P., and G. Tayler (1997). “A Comparative Analysis of Protected Area Planning and Management Frameworks.” In Proceedings—Limits of Acceptable Change and Related Planning Process: Progress and Future Direction. Ogden, UT: United States Department of Agriculture.
107.
Norusis, M. J. (1993). SPSS for Windows, Professional Statistics. Chicago: SPSS Inc.
108.
Nunnally, J. C., and I. H. Bernstein (1994). Psychometric Theory. 3rd ed.New York: McGraw-Hill.
109.
Pepperdine, S. (2000). “Social Indicators of Rural Community Sustainability: An Example from the Woady Yaloak Catchment.” Available at http://www.regional.org.au (accessed May 20, 2003).
110.
Perdue, R. R., P. T. Long, and Y. S. Kang (1999). “Boomtown Tourism and Resident Quality of Life: The Marketing of Gaming to Host Community Residents.”Journal of Business Research, 44: 165-177.
111.
Rossi, R. J., and K. J. Gilmartin (1980). The Handbook of Social Indicators: Source, Characteristics, and Analysis. New York: Garland STPM.
112.
Rowe, J. S. (1992). “The Ecosystem Approach to Forestland Management.”The Forestry Chronicle, 682: 222-224.
113.
Rural Development Commission and the English Tourist Board (1992). The Green Light: Guide to Sustainable Tourism Development. London: English Tourist Board and the Rural Development Commission.
114.
Ryan, C., A. Scotland, and D. Montgomery (1998). “Resident Attitudes to Tourism Development—A Comparative Study between Rangitikei, New Zealand and Bakewell, United Kingdom.”Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4 (2): 115-130.
115.
Sachs, I. (1999). “Social Sustainability and Whole Development.” In Sustainability and the Social Sciences, edited by E. Becker, T. Jahn, and I. Stiess.New York: Zed Books, pp. 25-36.
116.
Schmitt, N. W., and R. J. Klimoski (1991). Research Methods in Human Resources Management. Cincinnati, OH: South Western.
117.
Schoenfeldt, L. F. (1984). “Psychometric Properties of Organizational Research Instruments.” In Method and Analysis in Organizational Research, edited by T. S. Bateman and G. R. Ferris.Reston, VA: Reston, pp. 68-80.
118.
Schuman, H., and S. Presser (1996). Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording, and Context. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
119.
Sharpley, R. (2000). “Tourism and Sustainable Development.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8 (10): 1-19.
120.
Sharpley, R., and J. Sharpley (1997). “Sustainability and the Consumption of Tourism.” In Tourism and Sustainability: Principles to Practices, edited by M. J. Stabler.New York: Cab International, pp. 231-243.
121.
Sinclair, T., and A. Tsegaye (1990). “International Tourism and Export Instability.”Journal of Development Studies, 26: 487-504.
122.
Sirakaya, E. (1997). “Attitudinal Compliance with Ecotourism Guidelines.”Annals of Tourism Research, 24 (4): 919-950.
123.
Sirakaya, E., H. S. Choi, and T. Var (2002). “Measuring the Performance of Tourism Industry in Texas: A Comparative Application of Dynamic Shift-Share Analysis Technique.”Tourism Economics, 8 (3): 277-298.
124.
Sirakaya, E., T. Jamal, and H. S. Choi (2001). “Developing Tourism Indicators for Destination Sustainability.” In The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism, edited by D. B. Weaver.New York: CAB International, pp. 411-432.
125.
Sirakaya, E., V. Teye, and S. Sonmez (2002). “Understanding Residents’ Support for Tourism Development in the Central Region of Ghana.”Journal of Travel Research, 41 (1): 57-67.
126.
Slade, T. N. (1998). Seminar on Small Island Developing Nations: Their Vulnerability, Their Program of Action for Sustainable Development, Their Opportunity for Post Rome. Brussels, Belgium, September 1-2. Brussels, Belgium: European Center for Development Policy Management.
127.
Smith, M. D., and R. S. Krannich (1998). “Tourism Dependence and Resident Attitudes.”Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (4): 783-802.
128.
Spector, P. E. (1992). Summated Ratings Scales Construction. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
129.
Spenceley, A. (2001). Responsible Tourism Guidelines for the South African Tourism Industry. Working Paper. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism and the Department for International Development, United Kingdom.
130.
Stabler, M. J., ed. (1997). Tourism and Sustainability: Principles to Practices. New York: CAB International.
131.
Stallworth, H. (1997). Community Economic Profiles. Report No. 260-5247. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.
132.
Stone, L. (1993). “Disavowing Community.” Available at http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-yearbook/92_docs/Stone.htm (accessed April 3, 2003).
133.
Summary, R. M. (1987). “Tourism’s Contribution to the Economy of Kenya.”Annals of Tourism Research, 14: 531-540.
134.
Survey System (2002). “Sample Size Calculation: Creative Research Systems.” Available at http://www.surveysystem.com (accessed July 25, 2002).
135.
Swarbrooke, J. (1999). Sustainable Tourism Management. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
136.
Tabachnick, B. G., and L. S. Fidell (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics. 3rd ed.New York: HarperCollins.
137.
Trousdale, W., and F. Gentoral (1998). “Trouble in Paradise: Moving Island towards Sustainable Tourism Development.”The Urban Century,1 (4). Available at http://www.canurb.com/ipo/feb98_1.htm (accessed November 5, 2002).
138.
United Nations (1999). Progress in the Implementation of the Program of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States. New York: Economic and Social Council, United Nations.
139.
United Nations (2001). Managing Sustainable Tourism Development: ESCAP Tourism Review. No. 22. New York: United Nations.
140.
United Nations Economic Program (2003). “Economic Impacts of Tourism.” Available at http://www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism (accessed March 20, 2003).
141.
Veenhoven, R. (2001). Why Social Policy Needs Subjective Indicators. Berlin, Germany: Social Science Research Center.
142.
Wahab, S., and J. J. Pigram, eds. (1997). Tourism Development and Growth: The Challenge of Sustainability. New York: Routledge.
143.
Wanhill, S. (1995). “The Economic Evaluation of Publicly Assisted Tourism Projects.” In Change in Tourism: People, Places, Processes, edited by R. Butler, D. Pearce, and D.London: Routledge, pp. 187-207.
144.
Wheeler, B. (1991). “Tourism’s Troubled Times.”Tourism Management, 12: 91-96.
145.
Whitton, T. (2002). “The Contribution of Tourism to the National Economy.” National Tourism Summit. August 2. Available at http://internetfiji.com/tes/warwick.html (accessed March 26, 2003).
146.
Wight, P. (1993). “Ecotourism: Ethics or Eco-sell?”Journal of Travel Research, 31 (3): 3-9.
147.
Williams, A. M., and G. Shaw, eds. (1988). Tourism and Economic Development. London: Belhaven Press-Pinter.
148.
World Travel and Tourism Council (2004). “World Travel and Tourism Forging Ahead: The 2004 Travel and Tourism Economic Research.” Available at http://www.wttc.org/2004tsa/frameset2a.htm (accessed March 18, 2004).
149.
World Travel and Tourism Council, World Tourism Organization, and Earth Council (1995). Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization.
150.
World Travel and Tourism Council, World Tourism Organization, and Earth Council (1998). Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization.