Abstract
September 11 briefly brought European governments into an unprecedented degree of solidarity with the United States. NATO's invocation of Article 5, however, did not lead either to a revitalization of the Alliance or a transformation of the Atlantic relationship. Long-term trends since the end of the cold war have reduced the centrality of Europe to American foreign policy. European governments are uncomfortably aware of their relative weakness compared to the USA, above all in military capability, and of their lack of influence over a self-confident and self-contained US foreign policy debate.
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