The paper identifies the long-term effects of material deprivation on family relationships among disadvantaged young people through a latent growth curve model. Data were gathered from the five waves of the Taiwan Database of Children and Youth in Poverty (TDCYP) and Taiwan Fund for Children and Families (TFCF), resulting in a sample size of 623 young people. From the first wave of the survey in 2009 to the fifth wave in 2017, material deprivation decreased over time and family relationships slightly improved over time. Material deprivation contributed to poor family relationships but decreased over time, reflecting the mitigating effect of support from non-profit organizations. Findings also indicated that family relationships improved as the participants got older.
AddaeE. A. (2020). The mediating role of social capital in the relationship between socioeconomic status and adolescent wellbeing: Evidence from Ghana. Bmc Public Health, 20(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8142-x
2.
AdjeiN. K.JonssonK. R.StraatmannV. S.MelisG.McGovernR.KanerE.WolfeI.Taylor-RobinsonD. C.BarrettS.TubahS.FormanJ.HirveR.BangiskyM.BouldingH.HackettS.Fox-RushbyJ.MuirC.SophieK.SalmonA.TheO. C. (2024). Impact of poverty and adversity on perceived family support in adolescence: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(9), 3123–3132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-024-02389-8
3.
AlmS.Brolin LåftmanS.BohmanH. (2019). Poor family relationships in adolescence and the risk of premature death: Findings from the Stockholm Birth Cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(10), 1690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101690
4.
BanovcinovaA.LevickaJ.VeresM. (2014). The impact of poverty on the family system functioning. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 132, 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.291
5.
BerthoudR.BryanM. (2011). Income, deprivation and poverty: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Social Policy, 40(1), 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279410000504
CallanT.NolanB.WhelanC. T. (1993). Resources, deprivation and the measurement of poverty. Journal of Social Policy, 22(2), 141–172. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279400019280
8.
ChenJ.-K.WangS.-C.ChenY.-W. (2023). Social relationships as mediators of material deprivation, school bullying victimization, and subjective well-being among children across 25 countries: A global and cross-national perspective. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 18(5), 2415–2440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-023-10192-x
9.
ChenK.-M. (2020). Subjective poverty, deprivation, and the subjective well-being of children and young people: A multilevel growth curve analysis in Taiwan. Children and Youth Services Review, 114, 105045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105045
10.
ChenK.-M.WangT.-M. (2015). Determinants of poverty status in Taiwan: A multilevel approach [journal article]. Social Indicators Research, 123(2), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0741-4
11.
ChoE. Y.-N. (2018). Links between poverty and children’s subjective wellbeing: Examining the mediating and moderating role of relationships. Child Indicators Research, 11(2), 585–607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9453-z
12.
ChzhenY.HowarthC.MainG. (2022). Deprivation and intra-family conflict: Children as agents in the Family Stress Model. Journal of Marriage and Family, 84(1), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12791
13.
DinismanT.AndresenS.MontserratC.StrózikD.StrózikT. (2017). Family structure and family relationship from the child well-being perspective: Findings from comparative analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 80, 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.064
14.
DuncanT. E.DuncanS. C. (2009). The ABC’s of LGM: An introductory guide to latent variable growth curve modeling. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(6), 979–991. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00224.x
15.
GershoffE. T.AberJ. L.RaverC. C.LennonM. C. (2007). Income is not enough: Incorporating material hardship into models of income associations with parenting and child development. Child Development, 78(1), 70–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00986.x
16.
GillR.KarimM. E.PuyatJ. H.GuhnM.PetteniM. G.OberleE.JanusM.GeorgiadesK.GadermannA. M. (2024). Childhood poverty, social support, immigration background and adolescent health and life satisfaction: A population-based longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 97(1), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12408
17.
Gross-ManosD.Ben-AriehA. (2017). How subjective well-being is associated with material deprivation and social exclusion in Israeli 12-year-olds. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000160
18.
Gross-ManosD.MassarwiA. A. (2022). Material deprivation and subjective poverty association with subjective well-being reported by children: Religiosity as a protective factor. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 92(5), 622–634. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000631
19.
HaanpääL.KuulaM.HakovirtaM. (2019). Social relationships, child poverty, and children’s life satisfaction. Social sciences, 35, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8020035
20.
HallerödB. (2006). Sour grapes: Relative deprivation, adaptive preferences and the measurement of poverty. Journal of Social Policy, 35(3), 371–390.
21.
HirschD.PadleyM.StoneJ.Valadez-MartinezL. (2020). The low income gap: A new indicator based on a minimum income standard. Social Indicators Research, 149(1), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02241-6
22.
IzzoF.BaioccoR.PistellaJ. (2022). Children’s and adolescents’ happiness and family functioning: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416593
23.
KühnerS.LauM.AddaeE. A. (2021). The mediating role of social capital in the relationship between Hong Kong children’s socioeconomic status and subjective well-being. Child Indicators Research, 14(5), 1881–1909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09831-2
24.
KlineR. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
MainG. (2019). Money matters: A nuanced approach to understanding the relationship between household income and child subjective well-being. Child Indicators Research, 12(4), 1125–1145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-018-9574-z
MainG.MontserratC.AndresenS.BradshawJ.LeeB. J. (2019). Inequality, material well-being, and subjective well-being: Exploring associations for children across 15 diverse countries. Children and Youth Services Review, 97, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.033
31.
MarceauK.RamN.SusmanE. (2015). Development and lability in the parent-child relationship during adolescence: Associations with pubertal timing and tempo. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(3), 474–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12139
32.
McKayS. (2004). Poverty or preference: What do ‘consensual deprivation indicators’ really measure?Fiscal Studies, 25(2), 201–223.
33.
OberleE.Schonert-ReichlK. A.ZumboB. D. (2011). Life satisfaction in early adolescence: Personal, neighborhood, school, family, and peer influences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(7), 889–901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9599-1
34.
OverbeekG.StattinH.VermulstA.HaT.EngelsR. C. (2007). Parent-child relationships, partner relationships, and emotional adjustment: A birth-to-maturity prospective study. Dev Psychol, 43(2), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.429
35.
PerryB. (2002). The mismatch between income measures and direct outcome measures of poverty. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 19, 101–127.
36.
PetersonG. W.BushK. R. (2015). Families and adolescent development. In GullottaT. P.PlantR. W.EvansM. A. (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent behavioral problems: Evidence-based approaches to prevention and treatment (pp. 45–69). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7497-6_4
37.
PreacherK. J.WichmanA. L.MacCallumR. C.BriggsN. E. (2008). Latent growth curve modeling. SAGE Publications, Inc.
38.
PrestonK. S.GottfriedA. W.OliverP. H.GottfriedA. E.DelanyD. E.IbrahimS. M. (2016). Positive family relationships: Longitudinal network of relations. Journal of family psychology, 30(7), 875. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000243
39.
RamosM. C.ChengC. E.PrestonK. S. J.GottfriedA. W.GuerinD. W.GottfriedA. E.RiggioR. E.OliverP. H. (2022). Positive family relationships across 30 years: Predicting adult health and happiness. Journal of Family Psychology, 36(7), 1216–1228. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000983
SatorraA.BentlerP. M. (2010). Ensuring positiveness of the scaled difference Chi-square test statistic. Psychometrika, 75(2), 243–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-009-9135-y
SaundersP.ChenK.-M. (2015). Deprivation and the well-being of children and young people in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, 25(2), 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185385.2015.1049650
SaundersP.TangV. M. y. (2019). Adult and child deprivation in Hong Kong. Social Policy & Administration, 53(6), 820–834. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12533
46.
SaundersP.BrownJ. E.BedfordM.NaidooY. (2019). Child deprivation in Australia: A child-focused approach. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 54(1), 4–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.61
47.
ShamrovaD.LampeJ. (2020). Understanding patterns of child material deprivation in five regions of the world: A children’s rights perspective. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104595
48.
Taiwan Fund for Children and Families. (2014a). Taiwan Database of children and youth in poverty: The panel study in 2009. (D00113). https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00113-1
49.
Taiwan Fund for Children and Families. (2014b). Taiwan database of children and youth in poverty: The panel study in 2011. (D00114). https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00114-1
50.
Taiwan Fund for Children and Families. (2014c). Taiwan database of children and youth in poverty: The panel study in 2013. (D00116). https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00116-1
51.
Taiwan Fund for Children and Families. (2017). Taiwan database of children and youth in poverty: The panel study in 2015. (D00127). https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00127-1
52.
Taiwan Fund for Children and Families. (2018). Taiwan database of children and youth in poverty: The panel study in 2017. (D00166). https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00166-1
53.
ÜnverŞ.AlkanÖ.ÇelikA. K.AbarH. (2025). Determining factors affecting regional poverty levels in Türkiye: A comparison of ordered discrete choice models. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 44(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-024-00722-0
54.
WhelanC. T.LayteR.MaîtreB. (2004). Understanding the mismatch between income poverty and deprivation: A dynamic comparative analysis. European Sociological Review, 20(4), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jch029
55.
WhelanC. T.LayteR.MaîtreB.NolanB. (2001). Income, deprivation, and economic strain: An analysis of the European Community Household Panel. European Sociological Review, 17(4), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/17.4.357
56.
WhitemanS. D.McHaleS. M.CrouterA. C. (2011). Family Relationships from adolescence to early adulthood: Changes in the family system following firstborns’ leaving home. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(2), 461–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00683.x
57.
WillrothE. C.AthertonO. E.RobinsR. W. (2021). Life satisfaction trajectories during adolescence and the transition to young adulthood: Findings from a longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(1), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000294
58.
ZhuX.ShekD. T. L. (2021). Parental factors and adolescent well-being: Associations between developmental trajectories. Children and Youth Services Review, 127, 106071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106071
