The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of racial microaggressions, racial/ethnic identity, and coping, as they relate to job satisfaction. We found that the experiencing of racial microaggressions negatively affects job satisfaction and that educators in higher education contexts often engage in detachment coping. Job satisfaction was also affected by marital status and gender. This study is important because it helps to better understand how African American educators cope with the experiencing of racial microaggressions and how this affects their experiences in and perceptions of the workplace.
AinsworthJ. (2014). What’s wrong with pink pearls and cornrow braids? Employee dress codes and the semiotic performance of race and gender in the workplace. In WagnerA.SherwinR. (Eds.), Law, culture and visual studies (pp. 241-260). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
2.
AllenQ. (2010). Racial microaggressions: The schooling experiences of Black middle-class males in Arizona’s secondary schools. Journal of African American Males in Education, 1, 125-142.
3.
BellD. A. (1980). Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93, 518-533.
4.
BellD. A. (1992). Racial realism. Connecticut Law Review, 24, 363-379.
5.
BezrukovaK.JehnK. A.SpellC. S. (2012). Reviewing diversity training: Where we have been and where we should go. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11, 207-227.
6.
Bonilla-SilvaE. (2009). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
7.
BrondoloE.ver HalenN.PencilleM.BeattyD.ContradaR. (2009). Coping with racism: A selective review of the literature and a theoretical and methodological critique. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 64-88.
8.
BryantC. M.WickramaK. A. S.BollandJ.BryantB. M.CutronaC.StanikC. E. (2010). Race matters, even in marriage: Identifying factors linked to marital outcomes for African Americans. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 2, 157-174.
9.
BuschT.FallanL.PettersenA. (1998). Disciplinary differences in job satisfaction, self efficacy, goal commitment and organisational commitment among faculty employees in Norwegian colleges: An empirical assessment of indicators of performance. Quality in Higher Education, 4, 137-157.
10.
CarbadoD. W.GulatiM. (1999). Working identity. Cornell Law Review, 85, 1259-1308.
11.
CarbadoD. W.GulatiM. (2013). Acting White? Rethinking race in post-racial America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
12.
CarterD. F.HurtadoS. (2007). Bridging key research dilemmas: Quantitative research using a critical eye. New Directions for Institutional Research, 133, 25-35.
13.
ConstantineM. G.SmithL.RedingtonR. M.OwensD. (2008). Racial microaggressions against Black counseling and psychology faculty: A central challenge in the multicultural counseling movement. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86, 348-355.
14.
CovarrubiasA.VelezV. (2013). Critical race quantitative intersectionality: An anti-racist research paradigm that refuses to “let the numbers speak for themselves.” In LynnM.DixsonA. D. (Eds.), Handbook of critical race theory in education (pp. 270-285). New York, NY: Routledge.
15.
CoxT.NkomoS. (1991). A race and gender-group analysis of the early career experience of MBAs. Work and Occupations, 18, 431-446.
16.
CrenshawK. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 140, 139-167.
17.
DeAngelisT. (2009). Unmasking “racial micro aggressions.”Monitor on Psychology, 40, 42-46.
18.
DeCuir-GunbyJ. T.Walker-DeVoseD. C. (2013). Expanding the counterstory: The potential for critical race mixed methods studies in education. In LynnM.DixsonA. D. (Eds.), Handbook of critical race theory in education (pp. 248-259). New York, NY: Routledge.
19.
DelgadoR.StefancicJ. (2012). Critical race theory: An introduction (2nd ed.). New York: New York University Press.
20.
EmersonK. T. U.MurphyM. C. (2014). Identity threat at work: How social identity threat and situations contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in the workplace. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20, 508-520.
21.
ForsythJ.CarterR. (2012). The relationship between racial identity status attitudes, racism-related coping, and mental health among Black Americans. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18, 128-140.
22.
FranklinA. J.Boyd-FranklinN.KellyS. (2006). Racism and invisibility: Race-related stress, emotional abuse and psychological trauma for people of color. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 6, 9-30.
23.
GillbornD. (2010). The colour of numbers: Surveys, statistics and deficit-thinking about race and class. Journal of Educational Policy, 25, 253-276.
24.
GotandaN. (1991). A critique of “Our Constitution is Color-Blind.”Stanford Law Review, 44, 1-68.
25.
GreenhausJ. H.ParasuramanS.WormleyW. M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 64-86.
26.
HackmanJ. R.OldhamG. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279.
27.
Haney LopezI. (2006). White by law 10th anniversary edition: The legal construction of race. New York: New York University Press.
28.
HarrisC. (1993). Whiteness as property. Harvard Law Review, 106, 1707-1791.
29.
HarperB. E. (2007). The relationship between Black racial identity and academic achievementin urban settings. Theory Into Practice, 46(3), 230-238.
30.
HelmsJ. (Ed.). (1990). Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice. New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
31.
HolladayC. L.KnightJ. L.PaigeD. L.QuiñonesM. A. (2003). The influence of framing on attitudes toward diversity training. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14, 245-263.
32.
HookerK.JohnsonB. J. (2011). African American male faculty satisfaction: Does institutional type make a difference. Journal of African American Males in Education, 2, 168-187.
33.
KulikC. T.PepperM. B.RobersonL.ParkerS. K. (2007). The rich get richer: Predicting participation in voluntary diversity training. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 753-769.
34.
KulikC. T.RobersonL. (2008). Common goals and golden opportunities: Evaluations of diversity education in academic and organizational settings. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7, 309-331.
35.
Ladson-BillingsG.TateW. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers College Record, 97, 47-68.
36.
LawrenceC. R. (1987). The id, the ego, and equal protection: Reckoning with unconscious racism. Stanford Law Review, 39, 317-388.
37.
LazarusR. S.FolkmanS. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
38.
LevitinT.QuinnR. P.StainesG. L. (1971). Sex discrimination against the American working woman. American Behavioral Scientist, 15, 237-254.
39.
LewisA. E. (2001). There is no “race” in the schoolyard: Color-blind ideology in an (almost) all-White school. American Educational Research Journal, 38, 781-811.
40.
McKayP. F.AveryD. R. (2005). Warning! Diversity recruitment could backfire. Journal of Management Inquiry, 14, 330-336.
41.
MellorD. (2004). Responses to racism: A taxonomy of coping styles used by aboriginal Australians. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 56-71.
42.
MillerR. B.HollistC. S.OlsenJ.LawD. (2013). Marital quality and health over 20 years: A growth curve analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75, 667-680.
43.
NadalK. (2011). The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (REMS): Construction, reliability, and validity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 470-480.
44.
NemetzP. L.ChristensenS. L. (1996). The challenge of cultural diversity: Harnessing a diversity of views to understand multiculturalism. Academy of Management Review, 21, 434-462.
45.
NkomoS. M. (1992). The emperor has no clothes: Rewriting “race in organizations.”Academy of Management Review, 17, 487-513.
46.
OffermannL. R.BasfordT. E.GraebnerR.JafferS.De GraafS. B.KaminskyS. E. (2014). See no evil: Color blindness and perceptions of subtle racial discrimination in the workplace. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20, 499-507.
47.
ParadiesY. (2006). A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 888-901.
48.
PhinneyJ. S.OngA. D. (2007). Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 271-281.
49.
PieterseA. L.ToddN. R.NevilleH. A.CarterR. T. (2012). Perceived racism and mental health among Black American adults: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59, 1-9.
50.
PittmanC. T. (2012). Racial microaggressions: The narratives of African American faculty at a predominately White university. Journal of Negro Education, 81, 82-92.
51.
ReasonR. D. (Ed.). (2005). Developing social justice allies: New Directions for Student Services, Number 110 (Vol. 84). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
52.
RosetteA. S.DumasT. L. (2007). Hair dilemma: Conform to mainstream expectations or emphasize racial identity, The Duke Journal of Gender. Law & Policy, 14, 407-421.
53.
SellersR. M.SmithM. A.SheltonJ. N.RowleyS. A.ChavousT. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 18-39.
54.
SmithW. A.HungM.FranklinJ. D. (2011). Racial battle fatigue and the miseducation of Black men: Racial microaggressions, societal problems, and environmental stress. Journal of Negro Education, 80, 63-82.
55.
SnidermanP. M.PiazzaT.TetlockP. E.KendrickA. (1991). The new racism. American Journal of Political Science, 35, 423-447.
56.
SolórzanoD. G.CejaM.YossoT. (2000). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. Journal of Negro Education, 69, 60-73.
57.
SolórzanoD. G.YossoT. J. (2002). Critical race methodology: Counter-storytelling as an analytical framework for education research. Qualitative Inquiry, 8, 23-44.
58.
SueD.CapodilupoC.TorinoG.BucceriJ.HolderA.NadalK.EsquilinM. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62, 271-286.
59.
SulsJ.FletcherB. (1985). The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 4, 249-288.
60.
TatumB. (1994). Teaching White students about racism: The search for White allies and the restoration of hope. The Teachers College Record, 9, 462-476.
61.
TeranishiR. T. (2007). Race, ethnicity, and higher education policy: The use of critical quantitative research. New Directions for Institutional Research, 133, 37-49.
62.
ThomasO. N.CaldwellC. H.FaisonN.JacksonJ. S. (2009). Promoting academicachievement: The role of racial identity in buffering perceptions of teacher discrimination on academic achievement among African American and Caribbean Black adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(2), 420-431.
63.
WangJ.LeuJ.ShodaY. (2011). When the seemingly innocuous “stings”: Racial microaggressions and their emotional consequences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1666-1678.
64.
WeiM.AlvarezA. K. T.RussellD.BonettD. (2010). Development and validation of a coping with discrimination scale: Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 328-344.
65.
YossoT. J.SmithW. A.CejaM.SolórzanoD. G. (2009). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate for Latina/o undergraduates. Harvard Educational Review, 79, 659-691.
