Through contact-angle experiments in air and under water, it has been found that the nonpolar surface tension γ ad and the polar surface tension γsp of a smooth fluoropolymer surface could qualitatively reveal the behavior of staining in air and stain removal under water. The effect of temperature on staining and stain removal was also studied. Practical application of this work is to help define the surface properties of a coating of paint or textile finish and their relation to stain repellency and removal.
Adamson, A.W. , "Physical Chemistry of Surfaces," New York, Interscience, 1967; Davies, J.T., and Rideal, E.K., "Interfacial Phenomena," New YorkAcademic Press, 1966.
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Chan, R.K.S. , SurfaceTension of Fluoropolymers, Part I and Part II, J. Colloid Interface Sci.32, 492-504 (1970).
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Dreisbach, R.R. , "Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds," in Advances in Chemistry Series Washington, D. C. A.C.S., Vol. 15, 1955 and Vol. 22, 1959.
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Fowkes, F.M., "Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion," in Advances in Chemistry Series, No. 43, Chapter 6, Washington, D. C., A.C.S., 1964.
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Johnson, R.E. and Dettre, R.H., The Temperature Dependence of Wettability: Hexadecane on a Fluoropolymer, J. Colloid Interface Sci.20, 173-176 (1965).
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Schonhorn, H. , Temperature Dependence of Polytetrafluoroethylene (Supercooled Liquid) Estimated from Contact angles, Polymer9, 71-74 (1968).
7.
Smith, S. and Sherman, P.G.Textile Characteristics Affecting Soil Release During Laundering. Part I: A review and Theoretical Consideration of the Effects of Fiber Surface Energy and Fabric Construction on Soil Release, Textile Res. J. 39, 441-449 (1969) ; Sherman, P.O., Smith, S., and Johannessen, B.Textile Characteristics Affecting the Release of Soil Duting Laundering, Part II: Fluorochemical Soil-Release Textile Finishes, Textile Res. J.39, 449-459 (1969); Berch, J., Peper, H., and Drake, George L., Jr., Wet Soiling of Cotton. Part IV: Surface Energies of Cotton Finishing Chemicals, Textile Res. J.35, 252-260 (1965); Smith, S. and Sherman, P.O., Physical Chemistry of Stain Release, Amer. Chemist Colorist1, 105-109 (1969).
