Fibers procured from Anatolian goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) furs were converted into keratin microparticles by the cryogenic milling method. Single-stage mechanical milling with a 2.5 h optimal grinding time was sufficient enough to generate the desired high-quality microparticles. No chemical solvents were utilized during the production process of keratin microparticles. Structural, chemical and thermal properties of keratin microparticles were assessed using particle size analyzer, stereo microscope, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller™ surface analyzer, field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry methods. According to the characterization results, microparticles with amorphous structure in micro size could be produced without any agglomeration during the milling process. Goat farming is usually for dairy products and their fibers have very limited use in the textile industry because of their flat structure. Therefore, the conversion of goat fibers into another product that can be used in other industrial areas is expected to contribute significantly to a sustainable economy.
FerozSMuhammadNRatnayakeJ, et al.
Keratin-based materials for biomedical applications. Bioact Mater2020;
5: 496–509.
2.
RajabiMAliAMcConnellM, et al.
Keratinous materials: structures and functions in biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C2020;
110: 110612.
3.
SuaratoGContardiMPerottoG, et al.
From fabric to tissue: recovered wool keratin/polyvinylpyrrolidone biocomposite fibers as artificial scaffold platform. Mater Sci Eng C2020;
116: 111151.
4.
GuidottiGSoccioMPosatiT, et al.
Regenerated wool keratin-polybutylene succinate nanofibrous mats for drug delivery and cells culture. Polym Degrad Stab2020;
179: 109272.
5.
FerrarisSGuarinoVCochisA, et al.
Aligned keratin submicrometric-fibers for fibroblasts guidance onto nanogrooved titanium surfaces for transmucosal implants. Mater Lett2018;
229: 1–4.
6.
RouseJGVan DykeME.A review of keratin-based biomaterials for biomedical applications. Materials2010;
3: 999–1014.
7.
HammoucheHAchourHMakhloufS, et al.
A comparative study of capacitive humidity sensor based on keratin film, keratin/graphene oxide, and keratin/carbon fibers. Sens Actuator A Phys2021;
329: 112805.
8.
FagbemiODSitholeBTesfayeT.Optimization of keratin protein extraction from waste chicken feathers using hybrid pre-treatment techniques. Sustain Chem Pharm2020;
17: 100267.
9.
AkisIOztabakKMengiA, et al.
Mitochondrial DNA diversity of Anatolian indigenous domestic goats. J Anim Breed Genet2014;
131: 487–495.
10.
GamaLTBressanMC.Biotechnology applications for the sustainable management of goat genetic resources. Small Rumin Res2011;
98: 133–146.
11.
GöktepeFCanipekGSoysalMI.The comparison of physical characteristics of Anatolian native goat down fibers with cashmere. Text Apparel2019;
29: 11–21.
12.
ZouZLiuXDingJ, et al.
Activated carbon powder derived from cashmere guard hair. J Ind Text2020;
50: 599–615.
BurnettCLBergfeldWFBelsitoDV, et al.
Safety assessment of keratin and keratin-derived ingredients as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol2021;
40: 36S–51S.
15.
AllafiFASHossainFMSAb KadirMO, et al.
Waterless processing of sheep wool fiber in textile industry with supercritical CO2: potential and challenges. J Clean Prod2020;
285: 124819.
16.
AzmiNAIdrisAYusofNSM.Ultrasonic technology for value added products from feather keratin. Ultrason Sonochem2018;
47: 99–107.
17.
FangZZhangJLiuB, et al.
Biodegradation of wool waste and keratinase production in scale-up fermenter with different strategies by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BBE11-1. Bioresour Technol2013;
140: 286–291.
18.
LazarusBChadhaCVelasco-HoganA, et al.
Engineering with keratin: a functional material and a source of bioinspiration. Iscience2021;
24: 102798.
19.
MarelliBOmenettoFG.Cashmere-derived keratin for device manufacturing on the micro-and nanoscale. J Mater Chem C2015;
3: 2783–2787.
20.
YangYJGanbatDAramwitP, et al.
Processing keratin from camel hair and cashmere with ionic liquids. eXPRESS Polym Lett2019;
13: 97.
21.
PatilKSmithSVRajkhowaR, et al.
Milled cashmere guard hair powders: absorption properties to heavy metal ions. Powder Technol2012;
218: 162–168.
22.
PatilKRajkhowaRDaiXJ, et al.
Preparation and surface properties of cashmere guard hair powders. Powder Technol2012;
219: 179–185.
23.
LongJJCuiCLWangL, et al.
Effect of treatment pressure on wool fiber in supercritical carbon dioxide fluid. J Clean Prod2013;
43: 52–58.
24.
KazemimostaghimMRajkhowaRTsuzukiT, et al.
Production of submicron silk particles by milling. Powder Technol2013;
241: 230–235.
25.
KazemimostaghimMRajkhowaRTsuzukiT, et al.
Ultrafine silk powder from biocompatible surfactant-assisted milling. Powder Technol2013;
249: 253–257.
26.
RajkhowaRWangLKanwarJ, et al.
Fabrication of ultrafine powder from eri silk through attritor and jet milling. Powder Technol2009;
191: 155–163.
27.
KazemimostaghimMRajkhowaRWangW,
Comparison of milling and solution approach for production of silk particles. Powder Technol2014;
262: 156–161.
28.
KimKHLeeJKAlphonseA, et al.
Preparation of precursor particles by cryogenic mechanical milling for the deposition of CuInS2 thin films. Mater Sci Semicond Process2013;
16: 226–230.
29.
WangLYangXDaoudWA.Mechanical energy harvester based on cashmere fibers. J Mater Chem A2018;
6: 11198–11204.
30.
AhmedAQayoumAMirFQ.Spectroscopic studies of renewable insulation materials for energy saving in building sector. J Build Eng2021;
44: 103300.
31.
Al FaruqueMARemadeviRWangX, et al.
Preparation and characterisation of mechanically milled particles from waste alpaca fibres. Powder Technol2019;
342: 848–855.
32.
DumanŞKüçükM.Production and characterization of keratin microparticles obtained from wool fibers by cryogenic milling method. Part Sci Technol. Epub ahead of print 2022; 40: 933–941. DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2022.2028321.
33.
AluigiAZoccolaMVineisC, et al.
Study on the structure and properties of wool keratin regenerated from formic acid. Int J Biol Macromol2007;
41: 266–273.
34.
XuBNiuMWeiL, et al.
The structural analysis of biomacromolecule wool fiber with Ag-loading SiO2 nano-antibacterial agent by UV radiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem2007;
188: 98–105.
35.
McGregorBALiuXWangXG.Comparisons of the Fourier transform infrared spectra of cashmere, guard hair, wool and other animal fibres. J Text Inst2018;
109: 813–822.
36.
PinaACTancrediNAniaCO, et al.
Stabilisation of sheep wool fibres under air atmosphere: study of physicochemical changes. Mater Sci Eng B2021;
268: 115115.
37.
EslahiNDadashianFNejadNH.Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of wool fibers for nanoparticles production using response surface methodology. Adv Powder Technol2013;
24: 416–426.
38.
ZhangJLiYLiJ, et al.
Isolation and characterization of biofunctional keratin particles extracted from wool wastes. Powder Technol2013;
246: 356–362.
ZargarkazemiASadeghi-KiakhaniMAramiM, et al.
Modification of wool fabric using prepared chitosan-cyanuric chloride hybrid. J Text Inst2015;
106: 80–89.
