The recycling and reutilization of cotton waste are in line with the sustainable development of society. Therefore, in this work, an environmentally friendly cellulose phosphate ammonium salt was synthesized by phosphorylation of cotton waste. Then the cotton fabrics were modified with cellulose phosphate ammonium salt by using the dip–dry–cure technique to obtain flame-retardant cotton fabric. The surface morphology, characteristic functional groups, and elemental components were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicated that the cellulose phosphate ammonium salt was immobilized onto the cotton fabric through a P–O–C chemical bond. Vertical combustion tests before and after washing showed that the treated cotton fabric had durable flame-retardant properties. Thermogravimetry demonstrated that the treated cotton fabric retained a large amount of residual char and the pyrolysis temperature was significantly earlier than that of the control sample. Compared with the blank sample, the peak of heat release rate and total heat release of the modified fabric was reduced by 90.8% and 84.1%, respectively. Thermogravimetric infrared of flame-retardant cotton fabric proved that cellulose phosphate ammonium salt acted both in the gas and condensed phase during the decomposition of the treated fabric.
LiuHDuYLeiSH, et al.
Flame-retardant activity of modified boron nitride nanosheets to cotton. Text Res J2020;
90: 512–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517519871260
2.
LiNMingJYuanRC, et al.
Novel eco-friendly flame retardants based on nitrogen-silicone schiff base and application in cellulose. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2020;
8: 290–301. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05338
WangSHLiuJSunL, et al.
Preparation of flame-retardant/dyed cotton fabrics: flame retardancy, dyeing performance and flame retardant/dyed mechanism. Cellulose2020;
27: 10425–10440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03469-z
5.
PethsangaveDAKhoseRVWadekarPH, et al.
Novel approach toward the synthesis of a phosphorus-functionalized polymer-based graphene composite as an efficient flame retardant. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2019;
7: 11745–11753. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01975
6.
XiaoMYGuoYBZhangJY, et al.
Diethylene triamine penta methylene phosphonic acid encountered silver ions: a convenient method for preparation of flame retardant and antibacterial lyocell fabric. Cellulose2021;
28: 7465–7481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04000-8
7.
LiuHDuYLeiSH, et al.
Flame-retardant activity of modified boron nitride nanosheets to cotton. Text Res J2019;
90: 512–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517519871260
8.
DurraniHSharmaVBamboriaD, et al.
Exploration of flame retardant efficacy of cellulosic fabric using in-situ synthesized zinc borate particles. Cellulose2020;
27: 9061–9073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03383-4
9.
BeduiniACarosioFFerrutiP, et al.
Sulfur-based copolymeric polyamidoamines as efficient flame-retardants for cotton. Polymers2019;
11: 1904. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111904
10.
WanCYLiuSDChenY, et al.
Facile, one-pot, formaldehyde-free synthesis of reactive N-P flame retardant for a biomolecule of cotton. Int J Biol Macromol2020;
163: 1659–1668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.174
11.
EdwardsBRudolfSHauserP, et al.
Preparation, polymerization, and performance evaluation of halogen-free radiation curable flame retardant monomers for cotton substrates. Ind Eng Chem Res2015;
54: 577–584. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie502915t
12.
LiJWTongWYiLM.Flame-retardant composite coatings for cotton fabrics fabricated by using oxygen plasma-induced polymerization of vinyl phosphonic acid/cyclotetrasiloxane. Text Res J2019;
89: 5053–5066. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517519848158
13.
WangYWShenRQWangQS, et al.
ZnO microstructures as flame-retardant coatings on cotton fabrics. ACS Omega2018;
3: 6330–6338. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00371
14.
LiuXHZhangQYPengB, et al.
Flame retardant cellulosic fabrics via layer-by-layer self-assembly double coating with egg white protein and phytic acid. J Clean Prod2020;
243: 118641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118641
NielsenGDWolkoffP.Cancer effects of formaldehyde: a proposal for an indoor air guideline value. Arch Toxicol2020;
84: 423–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0549-1
17.
PensupaNLeuSYHuYZ, et al.
Recent trends in sustainable textile waste recycling methods: current situation and future prospects. Top Curr Chem2017;
375: 76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-017-0165-0
18.
RotimiEOOToppleCHopkinsJ.Towards a conceptual framework of sustainable practices of post-consumer textile waste at garment end of lifecycle: a systematic literature review approach. Sustainability2021;
13: 2965. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052965
19.
MaYBRossonLWangXG, et al.
Upcycling of waste textiles into regenerated cellulose fibres: impact of pretreatments. J Text Inst2019;
111: 630–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2019.1656355
20.
HongFGuoXZhangS, et al.
Bacterial cellulose production from cotton-based waste textiles: enzymatic saccharification enhanced by ionic liquid pretreatment. Bioresour Technol2012;
104: 503–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.028
21.
SerraATarresQLlopM, et al.
Recycling dyed cotton textile byproduct fibers as polypropylene reinforcement. Text Res J2019;
89: 2113–2125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517518786278
22.
QinQGuoRHRenEH, et al.
Cotton waste fabric/zinc borate composite aerogel with excellent flame retardancy. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2020;
8: 10335–10344. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00210
23.
RenYLLiuYSWangY, et al.
Preparation of durable and flame retardant lyocell fabrics by using a biomass-based modifier derived from vitamin C. Cellulose2020;
27: 6677–6689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03218-2
24.
GuoYBXiaoMYRenYL, et al.
Synthesis of an effective halogen-free flame retardant rich in phosphorus and nitrogen for lyocell fabric. Cellulose2020;
28: 7355–7372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03975-8
25.
LiSNHuangSXuF, et al.
Imparting superhydrophobicity and flame retardancy simultaneously on cotton fabrics. Cellulose2020;
27: 3989–4005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03041-9
26.
LuYJiaYLZhangGX, et al.
An eco-friendly intumescent flame retardant with high efficiency and durability for cotton fabric. Cellulose2018;
25: 5389–5404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1930-0
27.
LiuXChenJLGuLX, et al.
A superhydrophobic and flame-retardant cotton fabric fabricated by an eco-friendly assembling method. Text Res J2021; https://doi.org/10.1177/00405175211022628
ChenTHongJPengCH, et al.
Superhydrophobic and flame retardant cotton modified with DOPO and fluorine-silicon-containing crosslinked polymer. Carbohydr Polym2019;
208: 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.023
30.
RenYLTianTJiangLN, et al.
Fabrication of chitosan-based intumescent flame retardant coating for improving flame retardancy of polyacrylonitrile fabric. Molecules2019;
24: 3749. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203749
31.
GuoWWWangXHuangJL, et al.
Construction of durable flame-retardant and robust superhydrophobic coatings on cotton fabrics for water-oil separation application. Chem Eng J2020;
398: 125661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125661
32.
RenYLTianTJiangLN, et al.
Polyvinyl alcohol reinforced flame-retardant polyacrylonitrile composite fiber prepared by boric acid cross-linking and phosphorylation. Materials2018;
11: 2391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122391
33.
XuFZhongLZhangC, et al.
Novel high-efficiency casein-based P-N-containing flame retardants with multiple reactive groups for cotton fabrics. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2019;
7: 13999–14008. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02474
34.
KhoseRVPethsangaveDAWadekarPH, et al.
Novel approach towards the synthesis of carbon-based transparent highly effective flame retardant. Carbon2018;
139: 205–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.06.049
35.
XuLJWangWYuD.Durable flame retardant finishing of cotton fabrics with halogen-free organophosphonate by UV photoinitiated thiol-ene click chemistry. Carbohydr Polym2017;
172: 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.054
36.
GnanasekarPFengMYanN, et al.
Facile synthesis of a phosphorus-containing sustainable biomolecular platform from vanillin for the production of mechanically strong and highly flame-retardant resins. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2020;
8: 17417–17426. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05610
37.
WangDFZhongLZhangC, et al.
Eco-friendly synthesis of a highly efficient phosphorus flame retardant based on xylitol and application on cotton fabric. Cellulose2017;
26: 2123–2138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2193-5
38.
LiuXDGuXYSunJ, et al.
Preparation and characterization of chitosan derivatives and their application as flame retardants in thermoplastic polyurethane. Carbohydr Polym2017;
167: 356–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.011
39.
PengHYZhangLPLiM, et al.
Interfacial growth of 2D bimetallic metal-organic frameworks on MoS2 nanosheet for reinforcements of polyacrylonitrile fiber: From efficient flame-retardant fiber to recyclable photothermal materials. Chem Eng J2020;
397: 125410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125410
40.
PanHFWangWPanY, et al.
Formation of self-extinguishing flame retardant biobased coating on cotton fabrics via layer-by-layer assembly of chitin derivatives. Carbohydr Polym2015;
115: 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.084
van der VeenIde BoerJ.Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis. Chemosphere2012;
88: 1119–1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067
43.
ChenXSYusufAdel RioJS, et al.
A facile and robust route to polyvinyl alcohol-based triboelectric nanogenerator containing flame-retardant polyelectrolyte with improved output performance and fire safety. Nano Energy2021;
81: 105656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105656
ZhangYXiongZQGeHD, et al.
Core-shell bioderived flame retardants based on chitosan/alginate coated ammonia polyphosphate for enhancing flame retardancy of polylactic acid. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2020;
8: 6402–6412. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00634
46.
RenYLZhangYZhaoJY, et al.
Phosphorus-doped organic-inorganic hybrid silicon coating for improving fire retardancy of polyacrylonitrile fabric. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol2016;
82: 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-016-4273-z
47.
ZhangJLiZYinGZ, et al.
Construction of a novel three-in-one biomass based intumescent fire retardant through phosphorus functionalized metal-organic framework and beta-cyclodextrin hybrids in achieving fire safe epoxy. Compos Commun2021;
23: 100594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2020.100594
48.
ZhangYRenYLLiuXH, et al.
Preparation of durable flame retardant PAN fabrics based on amidoximation and phosphorylation. Appl Surf Sci2018;
428: 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.09.155
49.
PengHYWangDLiM, et al.
Ultra-small SiO2 nanospheres self-pollinated on flower-like MoS2 for simultaneously reinforcing mechanical, thermal and flame-retardant properties of polyacrylonitrile fiber. Compos Pt B-Eng2019;
174, 107037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107037
50.
VelencosoMMBattigAMarkwartJC, et al.
Molecular firefighting-how modern phosphorus chemistry can help solve the challenge of flame retardancy. Angew Chem-Int Edit2018;
57: 10450–10467. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201711735
51.
WangDPengHYYuB, et al.
Biomimetic structural cellulose nanofiber aerogels with exceptional mechanical, flame-retardant and thermal-insulating properties. Chem Eng J2020;
389: 124449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124449
52.
AlongiJCarosioF.All-inorganic intumescent nanocoating containing montmorillonite nanoplatelets in ammonium polyphosphate matrix capable of preventing cotton ignition. Polymers2016;
8: 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8120430
53.
LiYMDengCZhaoZY, et al.
Carbon fiber-based polymer composite via ceramization toward excellent electromagnetic interference shielding performance and high temperature resistance. Compos Pt A-Appl Sci Manuf2020;
131: 105769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105769
54.
NiuHXNabipourHWangX, et al.
Phosphorus-free vanillin-derived intrinsically flame-retardant epoxy thermoset with extremely low heat release rate and smoke emission. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2021;
9: 5268–5277. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08302
55.
YangGWuWHWangYH, et al.
Synthesis of a novel phosphazene-based flame retardant with active amine groups and its application in reducing the fire hazard of Epoxy Resin. J Hazard Mater2019;
366: 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.093
56.
GuoXWangYRenYL, et al.
Fabrication of flame retardant lyocell fibers based on carboxymethylation and aluminum ion chelation. Cellulose2021 28: 6679–6698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03931-6
57.
ZhaoBLiuYTZhangCY, et al.
A novel phosphoramidate and its application on cotton fabrics: Synthesis, flammability and thermal degradation. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis2017;
125: 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.04.011
58.
ZhouMHLiuYJYaoDW, et al.
Promotion of the flame retardancy of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide grafted natural rubber using expandable graphite. Arab J Chem2021;
14: 102980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102980
59.
FangFHuoSQShenHF, et al.
A bio-based ionic complex with different oxidation states of phosphorus for reducing flammability and smoke release of epoxy resins. Compos Commun2020;
17: 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2019.11.011
60.
LiWXZhangHJHuXP, et al.
Highly efficient replacement of traditional intumescent flame retardants in polypropylene by manganese ions doped melamine phytate nanosheets. J Hazard Mater2020;
398: 123001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123001
61.
RojasMFPerezAMGHernandezMFA, et al.
Introducing students to thermogravimetry coupled with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Educ2018;
95: 1365–1370. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.7b00826
62.
LaiXJTangSLiHQ, et al.
Flame-retardant mechanism of a novel polymeric intumescent flame retardant containing caged bicyclic phosphate for polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stabil2015;
113: 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.01.009
63.
PanYLiuLXWangX, et al.
Hypophosphorous acid cross-linked layer-by-layer assembly of green polyelectrolytes on polyester-cotton blend fabrics for durable flame-retardant treatment. Carbohydr Polym2018;
201: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.044
