To explore high-quality microbial resources with the capability of ramie degumming, we collected soil samples from rotten ramie and straw heaps. After enrichment culture by ramie raw materials, bacterial strains with the potential ramie-degumming function were screened using a pectin-hydrolysis plate. Dominant bacteria were identified by combining colonial morphological characteristics with the molecular biology method, and their ramie-degumming effects were verified through comprehensive biological degumming indices. Results demonstrated that Bacillus aryabhattai, Bacillus thuringiensis, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, and Acidovorax temperans were successfully obtained. The highest pectinase activity, 98.2 U/mg, was found by A. temperans. B. thuringiensis showed the best ramie-degumming effect. The residual gum content, single-fiber linear density, and bundle-breaking strength of the degummed ramie fiber treated with B. thuringiensis were 8.32%, 6.80 dtex, and 7.84 cN/dtex, respectively. The residual gum content of the ramie fiber treated with B. thuringiensis met the textile requirement (<10%), and the values of all other indicators were also satisfactory. Therefore, B. thuringiensis was an excellent strain for ramie degumming, indicating potential industrial applications.
RehmanaMGangDLiuQ, et al.Ramie, a multipurpose crop: potential applications, constraints and improvement strategies. Ind Crop Prod2019; 137: 300–307.
2.
KandimallaRKalitaSChoudhuryB, et al.Fiber from ramie plant (Boehmerianivea): a novel suture biomaterial. Mater Bio Appl2016; 62: 816–822.
3.
PradiptaBRayDPPratikS, et al.Evaluation of ramie fibre quality: a review. Inter J Biores Sci2015; 2: 65–69.
4.
MukhopadhyayADuttaNChattopadhyayD, et al.Degumming of ramie fiber and the production of reducing sugars from waste peels using nanoparticle supplemented pectate lyase. Bioresource Technol2013; 137: 202–208.
5.
WangQChenHFangG, et al.Isolation of Bacillus cereus P05 and Pseudomonas sp. X12 and their application in the ramie retting. Ind Crop Prod2017; 97: 518–524.
6.
Guo F, Zou M, Li X, et al. An effective degumming enzyme from Bacillus sp. Y1 and synergistic action of hydrogen peroxide and protease on enzymatic degumming of ramie fibers. BioMed Res Int. 2013; 2013: 212315.
7.
SaikaRBoruahPSamantaR. Microbial degumming of decorticated ramie and its fibre characteristics. Indian J Fibre Text2009; 34: 187–190.
8.
BasuSSahaMNChattopadhyayD, et al.Large-scale degumming of ramie fibre using a newly isolated Bacillus pumilus DKS1 with high pectate lyase activity. J Ind Microbiol Biot2009; 36: 239–245.
9.
ZhouCXueYMaY. Cloning, evaluation and high-level expression of a thermo-alkaline pectate lyase from alkaliphilic Bacillus clausii with potential in ramie degumming. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol2017; 101: 3663–3676.
10.
LiuZDuanSSunQ, et al.A rapid process of ramie bio-degumming by Pectobacterium sp. CXJZU-120. Text Res J2012; 82: 1553–1559.
11.
ChiliveriSRKotiSLingaVR. Retting and degumming of natural fibers by pectinolytic enzymes produced from Bacillus tequilensis SV11-UV37 using solid state fermentation. Springerplus2016; 5: 559–575.
12.
KoCHTsaiCHTuJ, et al.Expression and thermostability of Paenibacillus campinasensis BL11 pectate lyase and its applications in bastfibre processing. Ann Appl Biol2011; 158: 218–225.
13.
BrühlmannFKimKSZimmermanW, et al.Pectinolytic enzymes from actinomycetes for the degumming of ramie bast fibers. Appl Environ Microb1994; 60: 2107–2112.
14.
ChengLWangQFengX, et al.Screening a bacterium and its effect on the biological degumming of ramie and kenaf. Sci Agric2018; 75: 375–380.
15.
DuanSLiuZFengX, et al.Diversity and characterization of ramie-degumming strains. Sci Agric2012; 69: 119–125.
16.
ChenYYanFYueX, et al.Screening and identification of a high-yield pectinase producing strain and studying on its fermentation conditions. J Chin Inst Food Sci Technol2014; 14: 138–145. (in Chinese).
17.
RoyCKesterHVisserJ, et al.Modes of action of five different endopectate lyases from Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937. J Bacteriol1999; 181: 3705–3709.
18.
BradfordMM. A rapid and sensitive quantitation of microgram quantities of principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem1976; 72: 248–254.
19.
GarrityGM. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, 9th ed. New York: Springer, 1994.
20.
ChenTHuGWangY, et al.Characterization of complete chloroplast genome and phylogenetic analysis of sweet cherry Cerasusavium (L.) Moench (Prunoideae, Rosaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B2018; 3: 1274–1275.
21.
HuRFLinLLiuTJ, et al.Reducing sugar content in hemicellulose hydrolysate by DNS method: a revisit. Mitochondrial DNA B2008; 2: 156–161.
22.
ChengYLiuZZengJ, et al.Construction and co-expression of polycistronic plasmids encoding bio-degumming-related enzymes to improve the degumming process of ramie fibres. Biotechnol Lett2016; 38: 2089–2096.
23.
SinghAVargheseLMBattanB, et al.Eco-friendly scouring of ramie fibers using crude xylano-pectinolytic enzymes for textile purpose. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int2020; 27: 6701–6710.
24.
ZhaoYYuanYZhangX, et al.Screening of a novel polysaccharide lyase family10 pectate lyase from Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1: cloning, expression and characterization. Molecules2018; 23: 2774–2787.
25.
ChenJLuBWangT, et al.Optimal degumming conditions of strains for microbial degumming of ramie. J Text Res2014; 35: 91–95. (in Chinese).
26.
CaiBJiangMXiongH. Analysis report on refined ramie fiber of Hunan province in 2008/2009. Chin Fiber Insp2009; 12: 30–33. (in Chinese).
27.
KashaypDRVohraPKSoniSK, et al.Degumming of buel (Grewiaoptiva) bast fibres by pectinolytic enzyme from Bacillus sp. DT7. Biotechno Lett2001; 23: 1297–1301.
28.
Yang Q, Cheng L, Feng X, et al. Analysis of the relationship between enzymatic activity and microbial degumming effect of kenaf bast. J Nat Fibers. Epub ahead of print 10 November 2019. DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2019.1688750.
29.
ZouMLiXZhaoJ, et al.Characteristics of polygalacturonate lyase C from Bacillus subtilis 7-3-3 and its synergistic action with PelA in enzymatic degumming. PLoS ONE2013; 8: e79357–e79357.
30.
BrühlmannFLeupinMErismannKH, et al.Enzymatic degumming of ramie bastfibres. J Biotechnol2000; 76: 43–50.
31.
WangQChenHFangG, et al.Isolation of Bacillus cereus P05 and Pseudomonas sp. X12 and their application in the ramie retting. Ind Crop Prod2017; 97: 518–524.
32.
CaoJZhengLChenS. Screening of pectinase producer from alkalophilic bacteria and study on its potential application in degumming of ramie. Enzyme Microb Tech1992; 14: 1013–1016.
33.
FanPHeFYangY, et al.In-situ microbial degumming technology with Bacillus sp. HG-28 for industrial production of ramie fibers. Biochem Eng J2015; 97: 50–58.
34.
LiuHLiangYPengD. Study on the enzymatic degumming of ramie. Plant Fiber Prod2006; 28: 87–91. (in Chinese).
35.
SinghAVargheseLMBattanB, et al.Eco-friendly scouring of ramie fibers using crude xylano-pectinolytic enzymes for textile purpose. Environ Sci Pollut R2020; 27: 6701–6710.
